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Class IX - NCERT –Maths Exercise (8.1)

Question 1:
The angles of quadrilateral are in the ratio 3:5:9:13. Find all the angles of the quadrilateral.

Solution 1:
Let the common ratio between the angles be x.
Therefore, the angles will be 3x, 5x, 9x, and 13x respectively.
As the sum of all interior angles of a quadrilateral is 360º,
∴ 3x + 5x + 9x + 13x = 360º
30x = 360º
x = 12º

Hence, the angles are

3x = 3 × 12 = 36º
5x = 5 × 12 = 60º
9x = 9 × 12 = 108º
13x = 13 × 12 = 156º

Question 2:
If the diagonals of a parallelogram are equal, then show that it is a rectangle.

Solution 2:

Let ABCD be a parallelogram. To show that ABCD is a rectangle, we have to prove that one of
its interior angles is 90º.

In ∆ABC and ∆DCB,

AB = DC (Opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal)
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BC = BC (Common)
AC = DB (Given)
∴ ∆ABC ≅ ∆DCB (By SSS Congruence rule)
⇒ ∠ABC = ∠DCB

It is known that the sum of the measures of angles on the same side of transversal is 180º.
∠ABC + ∠DCB = 180º (AB || CD)
⇒ ∠ABC + ∠ABC = 180º
⇒ 2∠ABC = 180º
⇒ ∠ABC = 90º

Since ABCD is a parallelogram and one of its interior angles is 90º, ABCD is a rectangle.

Question 3:
Show that if the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other at right angles, then it is a
rhombus.

Solution 3:

Let ABCD be a quadrilateral, whose diagonals AC and BD bisect each other at right angle
i.e. OA = OC, OB = OD, and ∠AOB = ∠BOC = ∠COD = ∠AOD = 90º.
To prove ABCD a rhombus,
We have to prove ABCD is a parallelogram and all the sides of ABCD are equal.

In ∆AOD and ∆COD,

OA = OC (Diagonals bisect each other)
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∠AOD = ∠COD (Given)

OD = OD (Common)
∴ ∆AOD ≅ ∆COD (By SAS congruence rule)
∴ AD = CD … (1)

Similarly, it can be proved that

AD = AB and CD = BC … (2)
From Equations (1) and (2),
AB = BC = CD = AD

Since opposite sides of quadrilateral ABCD are equal, it can be said that ABCD is a
parallelogram. Since all sides of a parallelogram ABCD are equal, it can be said that ABCD is a
rhombus.

Question 4:
Show that the diagonals of a square are equal and bisect each other at right angles.

Solution 4:

Let ABCD be a square.

Let the diagonals AC and BD intersect each other at a point O.
To prove that the diagonals of a square are equal and bisect each other at right angles,
we have to prove,
AC = BD, OA = OC, OB = OD, and ∠AOB = 90º.
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In ∆ABC and ∆DCB,

AB = DC (Sides of a square are equal to each other)
∠ABC = ∠DCB (All interior angles are of 90o)
BC = CB (Common side)
∴ ∆ABC ≅ ∆DCB (By SAS congruency)
∴ AC = DB (By CPCT)

Hence, the diagonals of a square are equal in length.

In ∆AOB and ∆COD,

∠AOB = ∠COD (Vertically opposite angles)
∠ABO = ∠CDO (Alternate interior angles)
AB = CD (Sides of a square are always equal)
∴ ∆AOB ≅ ∆COD (By AAS congruence rule)
∴ AO = CO and OB = OD (By CPCT)

Hence, the diagonals of a square bisect each other.

In ∆AOB and ∆COB,

As we had proved that diagonals bisect each other, therefore,
AO = CO
AB = CB (Sides of a square are equal)
BO = BO (Common)
∴ ∆AOB ≅ ∆COB (By SSS congruency)
∴ ∠AOB = ∠COB (By CPCT)

However, ∠AOB + ∠COB = 180º (Linear pair)

2∠AOB = 180º
∠AOB = 90º

Hence, the diagonals of a square bisect each other at right angles.

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Question 5:
Show that if the diagonals of a quadrilateral are equal and bisect each other at right angles, then
it is a square.

Solution 5:

Let us consider a quadrilateral ABCD in which the diagonals AC and BD intersect each other at
O.
It is given that the diagonals of ABCD are equal and bisect each other at right angles.
Therefore, AC = BD, OA = OC, OB = OD, and ∠AOB = ∠BOC = ∠COD = ∠AOD = 90º.
To prove ABCD is a square
We have to prove that ABCD is a parallelogram, AB = BC = CD = AD, and one of its interior
angles is 90º.

In ∆AOB and ∆COD,

AO = CO (Diagonals bisect each other)
OB = OD (Diagonals bisect each other)
∠AOB = ∠COD (Vertically opposite angles)
∴ ∆AOB ≅ ∆COD (SAS congruence rule)
∴ AB = CD (By CPCT) ... (1)

And, ∠OAB = ∠OCD (By CPCT)

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However, these are alternate interior angles for line AB and CD and alternate interior angles are
equal to each other only when the two lines are parallel.

AB || CD ... (2)

From Equations (1) and (2), we obtain

ABCD is a parallelogram.

In ∆AOD and ∆COD,

AO = CO (Diagonals bisect each other)
∠AOD = ∠COD (Given that each is 90º)
OD = OD (Common)
∴ ∆AOD ≅ ∆COD (SAS congruence rule)
∴ AD = DC ... (3)

However, AD = BC and AB = CD (Opposite sides of parallelogram ABCD)

AB = BC = CD = DA

Therefore, all the sides of quadrilateral ABCD are equal to each other.
In ∆ADC and ∆BCD,
AD = BC (Already proved)
AC = BD (Given)
DC = CD (Common)
∴ ∆ADC ≅ ∆BCD (SSS Congruence rule)
∴ ∠ADC = ∠BCD (By CPCT)

However, ∠ADC + ∠BCD = 180° (Co-interior angles)

∠ADC + ∠ADC = 180°
2∠ADC = 180°
∴ ∠ADC = 90°
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One of the interior angles of quadrilateral ABCD is a right angle.

Thus, we have obtained that ABCD is a parallelogram, AB = BC = CD = AD and one of its

interior angles is 90º.
Therefore, ABCD is a square.

Question 6:
Diagonal AC of a parallelogram ABCD bisects ∠A (see the given figure). Show that
(i) It bisects ∠C also,
(ii) ABCD is a rhombus.

Solution 6:
(i) ABCD is a parallelogram.
∠DAC = ∠BCA (Alternate interior angles) ... (1)
And, ∠BAC = ∠DCA (Alternate interior angles) ... (2)

However, it is given that AC bisects ∠A.

∠DAC = ∠BAC ... (3)

From Equations (1), (2), and (3), we obtain

∠DAC = ∠BCA = ∠BAC = ∠DCA ... (4)
∠DCA = ∠BCA

Hence, AC bisects ∠C.

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(ii) From Equation (4), we obtain

∠DAC = ∠DCA
DA = DC (Side opposite to equal angles are equal)

However, DA = BC and AB = CD (Opposite sides of a parallelogram)

AB = BC = CD = DA

Hence, ABCD is a rhombus.

Question 7:
ABCD is a rhombus. Show that diagonal AC bisects ∠A as well as ∠C and diagonal BD bisects
∠B as well as ∠D.

Solution 7:

Let us join AC.

In ∆ABC,
BC = AB (Sides of a rhombus are equal to each other)
∠1 = ∠2 (Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are equal)

However, ∠1 = ∠3 (Alternate interior angles for parallel lines AB and CD)

∠2 = ∠3

Therefore, AC bisects ∠C.

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Also, ∠2 = ∠4 (Alternate interior angles for || lines BC and DA)

∠1 = ∠4

Therefore, AC bisects ∠A.

Similarly, it can be proved that BD bisects ∠B and ∠D as well.

Question 8:
ABCD is a rectangle in which diagonal AC bisects ∠A as well as ∠C. Show that:
(i) ABCD is a square
(ii) Diagonal BD bisects ∠B as well as ∠D.

Solution 8:

(i) It is given that ABCD is a rectangle.

∠A = ∠C
1 1
 A  C
2 2
1
 DAC  DCA (AC bisects ∠A and ∠C)
2
CD = DA (Sides opposite to equal angles are also equal)

However, DA = BC and AB = CD (Opposite sides of a rectangle are equal)

AB = BC = CD = DA
ABCD is a rectangle and all the sides are equal.
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Hence, ABCD is a square.

(ii) Let us join BD.

In ∆BCD,
BC = CD (Sides of a square are equal to each other)
∠CDB = ∠CBD (Angles opposite to equal sides are equal)

However, ∠CDB = ∠ABD (Alternate interior angles for AB || CD)

∠CBD = ∠ABD
BD bisects ∠B.

Also, ∠CBD = ∠ADB (Alternate interior angles for BC || AD)

∠CDB = ∠ABD

BD bisects ∠D and ∠B.

Question 9:
In parallelogram ABCD, two points P and Q are taken on diagonal BD such that DP = BQ (see
the given figure). Show that:

(i) ∆APD ≅ ∆CQB

(ii) AP = CQ
(iii) ∆AQB ≅ ∆CPD
(iv) AQ = CP
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(v) APCQ is a parallelogram

Solution 9:
(i) In ∆APD and ∆CQB,
∠ADP = ∠CBQ (Alternate interior angles for BC || AD)
AD = CB (Opposite sides of parallelogram ABCD)
DP = BQ (Given)
∴ ∆APD ≅ ∆CQB (Using SAS congruence rule)

(ii) As we had observed that ∆APD ≅ ∆CQB,

∴ AP = CQ (CPCT)

(iii) In ∆AQB and ∆CPD,

∠ABQ = ∠CDP (Alternate interior angles for AB || CD)
AB = CD (Opposite sides of parallelogram ABCD)
BQ = DP (Given)
∴ ∆AQB ≅ ∆CPD (Using SAS congruence rule)

(iv) As we had observed that ∆AQB ≅ ∆CPD,

∴ AQ = CP (CPCT)

(v) From the result obtained in (ii) and (iv),

AQ = CP and
AP = CQ

Since opposite sides in quadrilateral APCQ are equal to each other, APCQ is a parallelogram.

Question 10:
ABCD is a parallelogram and AP and CQ are perpendiculars from vertices A and C on diagonal
BD (See the given figure). Show that
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(i) ∆APB ≅ ∆CQD

(ii) AP = CQ

Solution 10:
(i) In ∆APB and ∆CQD,
∠APB = ∠CQD (Each 90°)
AB = CD (Opposite sides of parallelogram ABCD)
∠ABP = ∠CDQ (Alternate interior angles for AB || CD)
∴ ∆APB ≅ ∆CQD (By AAS congruency)

(ii) By using the above result

∆APB ≅ ∆CQD, we obtain
AP = CQ (By CPCT)

Question 11:
In ∆ABC and ∆DEF, AB = DE, AB || DE, BC = EF and BC || EF. Vertices A, B and C are joined
to vertices D, E and F respectively (see the given figure). Show that

(i) Quadrilateral ABED is a parallelogram

(ii) Quadrilateral BEFC is a parallelogram
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(iii) AD || CF and AD = CF
(iv) Quadrilateral ACFD is a parallelogram
(v) AC = DF
(vi) ∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF.

Solution 11:
(i) It is given that AB = DE and AB || DE.
If two opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal and parallel to each other, then it will be a
parallelogram.
Therefore, quadrilateral ABED is a parallelogram.

(ii) Again, BC = EF and BC || EF

Therefore, quadrilateral BCEF is a parallelogram.

(iii) As we had observed that ABED and BEFC are parallelograms, therefore
AD = BE and AD || BE
(Opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal and parallel)
And, BE = CF and BE || CF
(Opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal and parallel)
∴ AD = CF and AD || CF

(iv) As we had observed that one pair of opposite sides (AD and CF) of quadrilateral ACFD are
equal and parallel to each other, therefore, it is a parallelogram.

(v) As ACFD is a parallelogram, therefore, the pair of opposite sides will be equal and parallel to
each other.
∴ AC || DF and AC = DF

(vi) ∆ABC and ∆DEF,

AB = DE (Given)
BC = EF (Given)
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AC = DF (ACFD is a parallelogram)
∴ ∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF (By SSS congruence rule)

Question 12:
ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || CD and AD = BC (see the given figure). Show that

(i) ∠A = ∠B
(ii) ∠C = ∠D
(iii) ∆ABC ≅ ∆BAD
(iv) diagonal AC = diagonal BD
[Hint: Extend AB and draw a line through C parallel to DA intersecting AB produced at E.]

Solution 12:
Let us extend AB. Then, draw a line through C, which is parallel to AD, intersecting AE at point
E. It is clear that AECD is a parallelogram.

(i) AD = CE (Opposite sides of parallelogram AECD)

However, AD = BC (Given)
Therefore, BC = CE
∠CEB = ∠CBE (Angle opposite to equal sides are also equal)

Consider parallel lines AD and CE. AE is the transversal line for them.
∠A + ∠CEB = 180º (Angles on the same side of transversal)
∠A + ∠CBE = 180º (Using the relation ∠CEB = ∠CBE) ... (1)

However, ∠B + ∠CBE = 180º (Linear pair angles) ... (2)

From Equations (1) and (2), we obtain
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∠A = ∠B

(ii) AB || CD
∠A + ∠D = 180º (Angles on the same side of the transversal)
Also, ∠C + ∠B = 180° (Angles on the same side of the transversal)
∴ ∠A + ∠D = ∠C + ∠B
However, ∠A = ∠B [Using the result obtained in (i)]
∴ ∠C = ∠D

(iii) In ∆ABC and ∆BAD,

AB = BA (Common side)
BC = AD (Given)
∠B = ∠A (Proved before)
∴ ∆ABC ≅ ∆BAD (SAS congruence rule)

(iv) We had observed that,

∆ABC ≅ ∆BAD
∴ AC = BD (By CPCT)
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Exercise (8.2)

Question 1:
ABCD is a quadrilateral in which P, Q, R and S are mid-points of the sides AB, BC, CD and DA
(see the given figure). AC is a diagonal. Show that:

1
(i) SR || AC and SR = AC
2
(ii) PQ = SR
(iii) PQRS is a parallelogram.

Solution 1:
(i) In ∆ADC, S and R are the mid-points of sides AD and CD respectively.
In a triangle, the line segment joining the mid-points of any two sides of the triangle is parallel to
the third side and is half of it.
1
∴ SR || AC and SR = AC ... (1)
2

(ii) In ∆ABC, P and Q are mid-points of sides AB and BC respectively. Therefore, by using mid-
point theorem,
1
PQ || AC and PQ = AC ... (2)
2
Using Equations (1) and (2), we obtain
PQ || SR and PQ = SR ... (3)
∴ PQ = SR

(iii) From Equation (3), we obtained

PQ || SR and PQ = SR
Clearly, one pair of opposite sides of quadrilateral PQRS is parallel and equal.
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Hence, PQRS is a parallelogram.

Question 2:
ABCD is a rhombus and P, Q, R and S are the mid-points of the sides AB, BC, CD and DA
respectively. Show that the quadrilateral PQRS is a rectangle.

Solution 2:

In ∆ABC, P and Q are the mid-points of sides AB and BC respectively.

1
∴ PQ || AC and PQ = AC (Using mid-point theorem) ... (1)
2
In ∆ADC,
R and S are the mid-points of CD and AD respectively.
1
∴ RS || AC and RS = AC (Using mid-point theorem) ... (2)
2

From Equations (1) and (2), we obtain

PQ || RS and PQ = RS

Since in quadrilateral PQRS, one pair of opposite sides is equal and parallel to each other, it is a
parallelogram.

Let the diagonals of rhombus ABCD intersect each other at point O.

In quadrilateral OMQN,
MQ || ON ( PQ || AC)
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QN || OM ( QR || BD)

Therefore, OMQN is a parallelogram.

∴ ∠MQN = ∠NOM
∴ ∠PQR = ∠NOM

However, ∠NOM = 90° (Diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular to each other)

∴ ∠PQR = 90°

Clearly, PQRS is a parallelogram having one of its interior angles as 90º.

Hence, PQRS is a rectangle.

Question 3:
ABCD is a rectangle and P, Q, R and S are mid-points of the sides AB, BC, CD and DA
respectively. Show that the quadrilateral PQRS is a rhombus.

Solution 3:

Let us join AC and BD.

In ∆ABC,

P and Q are the mid-points of AB and BC respectively.

1
∴ PQ || AC and PQ = AC (Mid-point theorem) ... (1)
2
Similarly in ∆ADC,
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1
SR || AC and SR = AC (Mid-point theorem) ... (2)
2
Clearly, PQ || SR and PQ = SR

Since in quadrilateral PQRS, one pair of opposite sides is equal and parallel to each other, it is a
parallelogram.

∴ PS || QR and PS = QR (Opposite sides of parallelogram) ... (3)

In ∆BCD, Q and R are the mid-points of side BC and CD respectively.

1
∴ QR || BD and QR = BD (Mid-point theorem) ... (4)
2
However, the diagonals of a rectangle are equal.
∴ AC = BD …(5)

By using Equations (1), (2), (3), (4), and (5), we obtain

PQ = QR = SR = PS

Therefore, PQRS is a rhombus.

Question 4:
ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || DC, BD is a diagonal and E is the mid - point of AD. A line
is drawn through E parallel to AB intersecting BC at F (see the given figure). Show that F is the
mid-point of BC.
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Solution 4:
Let EF intersect DB at G.

By converse of mid-point theorem, we know that a line drawn through the mid-point of any side
of a triangle and parallel to another side, bisects the third side.
In ∆ABD,
EF || AB and E is the mid-point of AD.

Therefore, G will be the mid-point of DB.

As EF || AB and AB || CD,
∴ EF || CD (Two lines parallel to the same line are parallel to each other)

In ∆BCD, GF || CD and G is the mid-point of line BD. Therefore, by using converse of mid-point
theorem, F is the mid-point of BC.

Question 5:
In a parallelogram ABCD, E and F are the mid-points of sides AB and CD respectively (see the
given figure). Show that the line segments AF and EC trisect the diagonal BD.

Solution 5:
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ABCD is a parallelogram.
AB || CD
And hence, AE || FC
Again, AB = CD (Opposite sides of parallelogram ABCD)
1 1
AB = CD
2 2
AE = FC (E and F are mid-points of side AB and CD)

In quadrilateral AECF, one pair of opposite sides (AE and CF) is parallel and equal to each
other. Therefore, AECF is a parallelogram.
∴ AF || EC (Opposite sides of a parallelogram)

In ∆DQC, F is the mid-point of side DC and FP || CQ (as AF || EC). Therefore, by using the
converse of mid-point theorem, it can be said that P is the mid-point of DQ.
∴ DP = PQ ... (1)

Similarly, in ∆APB, E is the mid-point of side AB and EQ || AP (as AF || EC).

Therefore, by using the converse of mid-point theorem, it can be said that Q is the mid-point of
PB.
∴ PQ = QB ... (2)

From Equations (1) and (2),

DP = PQ = BQ

Hence, the line segments AF and EC trisect the diagonal BD.

Question 6:
Show that the line segments joining the mid-points of the opposite sides of a quadrilateral bisect
each other.
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Solution 6:

Let ABCD is a quadrilateral in which P, Q, R, and S are the mid-points of sides AB, BC, CD,
and DA respectively. Join PQ, QR, RS, SP, and BD.

In ∆ABD, S and P are the mid-points of AD and AB respectively. Therefore, by using mid-point
theorem, it can be said that
1
SP || BD and SP = BD ... (1)
2
Similarly in ∆BCD,
1
QR || BD and QR = BD ... (2)
2
From Equations (1) and (2), we obtain
SP || QR and SP = QR

In quadrilateral SPQR, one pair of opposite sides is equal and parallel to each other. Therefore,
SPQR is a parallelogram.

We know that diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

Hence, PR and QS bisect each other.

Question 7:
ABC is a triangle right angled at C. A line through the mid-point M of hypotenuse AB and
parallel to BC intersects AC at D. Show that
(i) D is the mid-point of AC
(ii) MD  AC
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1
(iii) CM = MA = AB
2

Solution 7:

(i) In ∆ABC,
It is given that M is the mid-point of AB and MD || BC.
Therefore, D is the mid-point of AC. (Converse of mid-point theorem)

(ii) As DM || CB and AC is a transversal line for them, therefore,

∠MDC + ∠DCB = 180º (Co-interior angles)
∠MDC + 90º = 180º
∠MDC = 90º
∴ MD  AC

(iii) Join MC.

In ∆AMD and ∆CMD,

AD = CD (D is the mid-point of side AC)
∠ADM = ∠CDM (Each 90º)
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DM = DM (Common)
∴ ∆AMD ≅ ∆CMD (By SAS congruence rule)
Therefore, AM = CM (By CPCT)
1
However, AM = AB (M is the mid-point of AB)
2
Therefore, it can be said that
1
CM = AM = AB
2