QUADRILATERALS

QUADRILATERALS
QUADRILATERALS


(A) QUADRILATERALS
(a) Quadrilaterals
A quadrilateral is a four sided closed figure.
D
A C
 B
Let A, B, C and D be four points in a plane such that :
(i) No three of them are collinear.
(ii) The line segments AB, BC, CD and DA do not intersect except at their end points, then figure
obtained by joining A, B, C & D is called a quadrilateral.
(i) Convex Quadrilaterals : A quadrilateral in which the measure of each interior angle is less than
180° is called a convex quadrilateral. In figure, PQRS is convex quadrilateral.
R
S
P Q
(ii) Concave Quadrilaterals : A quadrilateral in which the measure of one of the interior angles is
more than 180° is called a concave quadrilateral. In figure, ABCD is concave quadrilateral.
D B
A
(b) Special Quadrilaterals :
(i) Parallelogram : A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which both pairs of opposite sides are
parallel. In figure, AB || DC, AD || BC therefore, ABCD is a parallelogram.
D C
A B
Properties :
(a) A diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two congruent triangles.
(b) In a parallelogram, opposite sides are equal.
(c) The opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.
(d) The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
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CLASS - IX - 140
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QUADRILATERALS
(ii) Rectangle : A rectangle is a parallelogram, in which each of its angle is a right angle. If ABCD is
a rectangle then A = B = C = D = 90°, AB = CD, BC = AD and diagonals AC = BD.
D C
900
A B
(iii) Rhombus : A rhombus is a parallelogram in which all its sides are equal in length. If ABCD is a
rhombus then, AB = BC = CD = DA.
D C
A B
The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular to each other.
(iv) Square : A square is a parallelogram having all sides equal and each angle equal to right
angle. If ABCD is a square then AB = BC = CD = DA, diagonal AC = BD and A = B = C =
D = 90°.
D C
900
A B
The diagonals of a square are perpendicular to each other.

(v) Trapezium : A trapezium is a quadrilateral with one pair of opposite sides parallel. In figure,
ABCD is a trapezium with AB || DC.
D C
A B
(vi) Kite : A kite is a quadrilateral in which two pairs of adjacent sides are equal. If ABCD is a kite
then AB = AD and BC = CD.
C
B D
A
(vii) Isosceles trapezium : A trapezium is said to be an isosceles trapezium, if its non-parallel
sides are equal. Thus a quadrilateral ABCD is an isosceles trapezium, if AB || DC and AD = BC.
D C
A B
In isosceles trapezium A = B and C =D.
CLASS - IX - 141
QUADRILATERALS
NOTE : (i) Square, rectangle and rhombus are all parallelograms.

(ii) Kite and trapezium are not parallelograms.
(iii) A square is a rectangle.
(iv) A square is a rhombus.
(v) A parallelogram is a trapezium.
(c) Important theorems related to Quadrilaterals :
(i) Theorem : A diagonal of a parallelogram divides the parallelogram into two congruent triangles.
Given : A parallelogram ABCD.
To Prove : A diagonal divides the parallelogram into two congruent triangles.

i.e., if diagonal AC is drawn then ABC  CDA.
and if diagonal BD is drawn then ABD  CDB
Construction : Join A and C.
Proof : Since, ABCD is a parallelogram.
 AB || DC and AD || BC.
In ABC and CDA
BAC = DCA [Alternate angles]
BCA = DAC [Alternate angles]
And, AC = AC [Common side]
ABC  CDA [By ASA congruency]
Similarly, we can prove that
ABD  CDB Hence Proved.
(ii) Theorem : The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
Given : A parallelogram ABCD. Its diagonals AC and BD intersect each other at point O.
To Prove : Diagonals AC and BD bisect each other
D C
A B
i.e., OA = OC and OB = OD.
Proof : In AOB and COD
 AB || DC and BD is a transversal line.
 ABO = CDO [Alternate angles]
 AB || DC and AC is a transversal line.
 BAO = DCO [Alternate angles]
And, AB = DC
AOB COD [By ASA congruency]
OA = OC and OB = OD [By CPCT] Hence Proved.
(iii) Theorem : The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular to each other.
Given : A rhombus ABCD whose diagonals AC and BD intersect at O.
D C
A B
To prove : BOC = DOC = AOD = AOB = 90º.
CLASS - IX - 142
QUADRILATERALS
Proof : Parallelogram is a rhombus, if all of its sides are equal.

AB = BC = CD = DA . ..(i)
Since the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
 OB = OD and OA = OC ... (ii)
In BOC and DOC
BO = OD [From (ii)]
BC = DC [From (i)]
OC = OC
So, by SSS criterion of congruence
BOC  DOC
BOC = DOC [By CPCT]
But, BOC + DOC = 180º [Linear pair]
BOC = DOC = 90º
Similarly, AOD = AOB = 90º
Hence, BOC = DOC = AOD = AOB = 90º.
Example. 1
The angles of a quadrilateral are in the ratio 3 : 5 : 9 : 13. Find all the angles of the quadrilateral.
Sol. Let the angles be 3x, 5x, 9x and 13x.
 3x + 5x + 9x + 13x = 360º
360º
 30x = 360º and x = = 12º
30
 1st angle = 3x = 3 × 12º = 36º,
2nd angle = 5x = 5 × 12º = 60º,
3rd angle = 9x = 9 × 12º = 108º,
And, 4th angle = 13 × 12º = 156º.
Example. 2
Use the informations given in adjoining figure to calculate the value of x.
D C
80º x
73º 105º
E A B
Sol. Since, EAB is a straight line.
 DAE + DAB = 180º
 73º + DAB = 180º
 DAB = 180º – 73º = 107º.
Since, the sum of the angles of quadrilateral ABCD is 360º.
 107º + 105º + x + 80º = 360º
 292º + x = 360º
 x = 360º – 292º
 x = 68º.
Example. 3
Prove that the angle bisectors of a parallelogram form a rectangle.
Sol. A parallelogram ABCD in which bisectors of angles A, B, C, D intersect at P, Q, R, S to form a
quadrilateral PQRS.
CLASS - IX - 143
QUADRILATERALS
A D
R
S Q
P
B C
Since, ABCD is a parallelogram, so AD || BC and transversal AB intersects them at A and B
respectively.
A + B = 180º
1 1
 A + B = 90º
2 2
 BAS + ABS = 90º ....(i) [AS and BS are bisectors of A and B respectively]
 BAS + ABS +ASB = 180º
 90º + ASB = 180º
 ASB = 90º
 RSP = 90º [ASB and RSP are vertically opposite angles]
Similarly, SRQ = 90º, RQP = 90º and SPQ = 90º.
Hence, PQRS is rectangle.
Example. 4
The diagonals of a parallelogram ABCD intersect at O. A line through O intersects AB at X and DC
at Y. Prove that OX = OY.
Sol. Since AB || CD.
D Y C
2
4
O
3
1
A X B
In OAX and OCY
1 = 2 [Alternate angles]
OA = OC diagonals of parallelogram bisect each other
and 3 = 4 [Vertically opposite angles]
So, by ASA criterion of congruence,
OAX  OCY  OX = OY. [By CPCT]
Example. 5
In the adjoining figure, ABCD is a parallelogram and X, Y are the points on diagonal BD such that
DX = BY. Prove that CXAY is a parallelogram.
D C
X
Y
A B
Sol. Join AC, meeting BD at O.
D C
X
O
Y
A B
Since the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
OA = OC and OD = OB
Now, OD = OB and DX = BY
OD – DX = OB – BY
OX = OY
CLASS - IX - 144
QUADRILATERALS
Now, OA = OC and OX = OY.

 CXAY is a quadrilateral whose diagonal bisect each other.
 CXAY is a parallelogram.
Example. 6
In the adjoining figure, ABCD is a parallelogram and the bisector of A bisect BC at X. Prove that
AD = 2AB.
A 1
D
1
2
B X C
Sol. ABCD is a parallelogram.
 AD || BC and AX cuts them.
1
 BXA = DAX = A [Alternate interior angles]
2
1
 2 = A.
2
1
Also, 1 = A
2
 2 = 1 AB = BX
1 1
 AB = BC AB = AD
2 2
 AD = 2 AB.
Example. 7
ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || CD and AD = BC. Show that :
(i) A = B (ii) C = D
(iii) ABC  BAD (iv) diagonal AC = diagonal BD.
Sol.
A B E
D C
(i) Extend AB and draw a line through C parallel to DA intersecting AB produced at E.
Since, AD || CE and transversal AE cuts them at A and E respectively.
  A + E = 180º
 180º – E = A
Since, AB || CD and AD || CE
  AECD is a parallelogram.
 AD = CE
 BC = CE
Thus, in BCE
BC = CE
 CBE = CEB
 180º – B = E
 180º – E = B
 A = B.
(ii) Consecutive interior angles on the same side of a transversal are supplementary.
  A + D = 180º and E + C = 180º
 A + D = E + C
 B + D = E + C
 D = C [B = E]
CLASS - IX - 145
QUADRILATERALS
(iii) In ABC and BAD

AB = BA
 B = A
and BC = AD
So, by SAS congruence criterion
 ABC  BAD
(iv) Since,  ABC  BAD
AC = BD
Hence, diagonal AC = diagonal BD.
Example. 8
In ABC, lines are drawn through A, B and C parallel respectively to the sides BC, CA and AB,
1
forming PQR. Show that BC = QR.
2
Sol.
Q A R
B C
P
AQ || CB and AC || QB
 AQCB is parallelogram.
 BC = AQ [Opposite sides of a ||gm are equal]

AR || CB and AB || RC
 ARCB is parallelogram.
 BC = AR [Opposite sides of a ||gm are equal]
So, AQ = AR
1
 AQ = AR = QR
2
1
 BC = QR.
2
1. Show that the diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular to each other.
2. If ABCD is a rhombus, find AOD, where O is the point of intersection of the diagonals.
3. If AD = (x + 2y) cm, BC = (2x + 3) cm, DC = (x + 7) cm and AB = (3y + 2) cm find AB and BC in

parallelogram ABCD.
4. Given a parallelogram ABCD. DE perpendicular to AC and BF perpendicular to AC.

Prove that: DE = BF
CLASS - IX - 146
QUADRILATERALS
5. Given a parallelogram ABCD, EF || AD, GH || CB. Prove that EFHG is a parallelogram.
6. Given a parallelogram PQRS in which QX || SY. Prove that QX = SY
7. The diagonals of a square intersect at O. From AB a part AQ = AO is cut off. Prove that AOQ =
3BOQ
Answers
2. 90º 3. AB = 8 cm, BC = 5 cm.

(B) MID POINT THEOREM AND ITS CONVERSE

(a) Mid point theorem
In a triangle, the line segment joining the mid-points of any two sides is parallel to the third side and
is half of it.
A
–
P Q R
–
B C
Given : A triangle ABC in which P is the mid-point of side AB and Q is the mid-point of side AC.
1
To Prove : PQ is parallel to BC and is half of it i.e., PQ || BC and PQ = BC.
2
Construction : Produce PQ upto point R such that PQ = QR. Join R and C.
Proof : In APQ and CRQ
PQ = QR [By construction]
AQ = QC [Given]
And, AQP = CQR [Vertically opposite angles]
So, APQ  CRQ [By SAS]
 AP = CR [By CPCT]
CLASS - IX - 147
QUADRILATERALS
And, APQ = CRQ [By CPCT]

But, APQ and CRQ are alternate angles and whenever the alternate angles are equal, the lines
are parallel.
 AP || CR
 AB || CR
 BP || CR
AP = BP [Given, P is mid-point of AB]
 CR = BP [As, AP = CR]
Now, BP = CR and BP || CR
 BCRP is a parallelogram.
[When any pair of opposite sides are equal and parallel, the quadrilateral is a parallelogram]
BCRP is a parallelogram and opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal and parallel.
 PR = BC and PR || BC
Since, PQ = QR
1 1
PQ = PR = BC [As, PR = BC]
2 2
Also, PQ || BC [As, PR || BC]
1
 PQ || BC and PQ = BC Hence Proved.
2
(b) Converse of mid point theorem
The line drawn through the mid-point of one side of a triangle parallel to the another side; bisects the
third side.
A
Q
P R
B C
Given : A triangle ABC in which P is the mid-point of side AB and PQ is parallel to BC.
To prove : PQ bisects the third side AC i.e., AQ = QC.
Construction : Through C, draw CR parallel to BA, which meets PQ produced at point R.
Proof : Since, PQ || BC i.e., PR || BC [Given]
and CR || BA i.e., CR || BP. [By construction]
 Opposite sides of quadrilateral PBCR are parallel.
 PBCR is a parallelogram
 BP = CR
Also, BP = AP [As, P is mid-point of AB]
 CR = AP
 AB || CR and AC is transversal, PAQ = RCQ [Alternate angles]
 AB || CR and PR is transversal, APQ = CRQ [Alternate angles]
In APQ and CRQ
CR = AP, PAQ = RCQ and APQ = CRQ
 APQ CRQ [By ASA]
 AQ = QC [By CPCT] Hence Proved.
NOTE : In quadrilateral ABCD, if side AD is parallel to side BC; ABCD is a trapezium.

A D
P Q
B C
1
Now, P and Q are the mid-points of the non-parallel sides of the trapezium; then PQ= (AD + BC).
2
CLASS - IX - 148
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i.e. The length of the line segment joining the mid-points of the two non-parallel sides of a trapezium
is always equal to half of the sum of the length of its two parallel sides.
(c) Intercept theorem

Theorem : If there are three or more parallel lines and the intercepts made by them on a transversal
are equal, then the corresponding intercepts on any other transversal are also equal.
Given : Three parallel lines l, m and n i.e., l || m || n. A transversal p meets these parallel lines at
points A, B and C respectively such that AB = BC. Another transversal q also meets parallel lines l,
m and n at points D, E and F respectively.
p q
A D
l
B P E m
C Q F n
To Prove : DE = EF
Construction : Through point A, draw a line parallel to DEF; which meets BE at point P and CF at
point Q.
Proof : In ACQ, B is mid-point of AC and BP is parallel to CQ and we know that the line through
the mid-point of one side of the triangle and parallel to another side bisects the third side.
 AP = PQ ... (i)
When the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are parallel, it is a parallelogram and so its opposite sides
are equal.
 AP || DE and AD || PE
 APED is a parallelogram.
 AP = DE ...(ii)
And PQ || EF and PE || QF
 PQFE is a parallelogram
 PQ = EF ...(iii)
From above equations, we get
DE = EF Hence Proved.
Example. 9
ABCD is a rhombus and P, Q, R and S are the mid-points of the sides AB, BC, CD and DA
respectively. Prove that the quadrilateral PQRS is a rectangle.
Sol.
D R C
S Q
A P B
1
In ABC, PQ || AC and PQ = AC ... (i) [By mid-point theorem]
2
1
In ADC, SR || AC and SR = AC ... (ii) [By mid-point theorem]
2
 PQ = SR and PQ || SR [From (i) and (ii)]
  PQRS is a parallelogram.
CLASS - IX - 149
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Now, PQRS will be a rectangle if any angle of the parallelogram PQRS is 90º.
PQ || AC [By mid-point theorem]
QR || BD [By mid-point theorem]
But, AC  BD [Diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular to each other]
 PQ QR [Angle between two lines = angle between their parallels]
 PQRS is a rectangle. Hence Proved
Example. 10
ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || DC, BD is a diagonal and E is the mid-point of AD. A line is
drawn through E parallel to AB intersecting BC at F (Figure). Prove that F is the mid-point of BC.
D C
E F
P
A B
Sol. Given line EF is parallel to AB and AB || DC.
EF || AB || DC.
According to the converse of the mid-point theorem, in ABD, E is the mid-point of AD and EP is
parallel to AB. [As EF || AB]
 P is the mid-point of side BD.
[The line through the mid-point of a side of a triangle and parallel to the other side, bisects the third
side]
Now, in BCD, P is mid-point of BD and, PF is parallel to DC. [As EF || DC]
 F is the mid-point of BC
[The line through the mid-point of a side of a triangle and parallel to the other side, bisects the third
side] Hence Proved.
Example. 11
In the given figure, E and F are respectively, the mid-points of non-parallel sides of a trapezium
ABCD.
A B
E F
P D C
Prove that :
1
(i) EF || AB (ii) EF = (AB + DC).
2
Sol. Join BE and produce it to intersect CD produced at point P. In AEB and DEP, AB || PC and BP is
transversal.
ABE = DPE [Alternate interior angles]
AEB = DEP [Vertically opposite angles]
And AE = DE [E is mid-point of AD]
So, AEB  DEP [By AAS congruency]
BE = PE [By CPCT]
And AB = DP [By CPCT]
Since, the line joining the mid-points of any two sides of a triangle is parallel and half of the third
side, Therefore, in BPC,
E is mid-point of BP [As, BE = PE]
and F is mid-point of BC [Given]
1
 EF || PC and EF = PC
2
1
 EF || DC and EF = (PD + DC)
2
1
 EF || AB and EF = (AB + DC) [As, DC || AB and PD = AB] Hence Proved.
2
CLASS - IX - 150
QUADRILATERALS
Example. 12
1
AD and BE are medians of ABC and BE || DF. Prove that CF = AC.
4
Sol.
A
E
F
B D C
In BEC, DF is a line through the mid - point D of BC and parallel to BE intersecting CE at F.
Therefore, F is the midpoint of CE. Because the line drawn through the mid point of one side of a
triangle and parallel to another sides bisects the third side.
Now, F is the mid point of CE
1 1 1 1
 CF = CE  CF = ( AC)  CF = AC.
2 2 2 4
Example.13
Prove that the figure formed by joining the mid - points of the pairs of consecutive sides of a
quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
Sol. ABCD is a quadrilateral in which P, Q, R and S are the midpoints of the sides AB, BC, CD and DA
respectively.
Join A and C.
D R C
S Q
A P B
In ABC, P and Q are the midpoints of sides AB and AC respectively.
1
 PQ || AC and PQ = AC [By midpoint theorem]
2
In ABC, P and Q are the midpoints of sides AB and AC respectively.
1
 RS || AC and RS = AC [By midpoint theorem]
2
 PQ = RS and PQ || RS.
Thus in quadrilateral PQRS one pair of opposite sides are equal and parallel.
Hence, PQRS is a parallelogram.
1. Prove that the median to the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle is half the length of the
hypotenuse.
2. The diagonals of a quadrilateral ABCD are perpendicular to each other. Show that the quadrilateral,
formed by joining the middle points of its sides is a rectangle.
CLASS - IX - 151
QUADRILATERALS
3. Perpendiculars dropped from the mid points of two sides of a triangle to the third side are equal.
4. In ABC, the medians CD and BE are produced to X and Y such that CD = DX and BE = EY. Prove
that the points X, A, Y are collinear.
5. Show that the three line segments which join the middle points of the sides of a triangle, divide it into
four triangles which are congruent to each other.

CLASS - IX - 152

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QUADRILATERALS

The diagonals of a square are perpendicular to each other.

NOTE : (i) Square, rectangle and rhombus are all parallelograms.

To Prove : A diagonal divides the parallelogram into two congruent triangles.

Proof : Parallelogram is a rhombus, if all of its sides are equal.

Now, OA = OC and OX = OY.

(iii) In ABC and BAD

 BC = AQ [Opposite sides of a ||gm are equal]

1. Show that the diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular to each other.

3. If AD = (x + 2y) cm, BC = (2x + 3) cm, DC = (x + 7) cm and AB = (3y + 2) cm find AB and BC in

4. Given a parallelogram ABCD. DE perpendicular to AC and BF perpendicular to AC.

5. Given a parallelogram ABCD, EF || AD, GH || CB. Prove that EFHG is a parallelogram.

6. Given a parallelogram PQRS in which QX || SY. Prove that QX = SY

(B) MID POINT THEOREM AND ITS CONVERSE

And, APQ = CRQ [By CPCT]

NOTE : In quadrilateral ABCD, if side AD is parallel to side BC; ABCD is a trapezium.

(c) Intercept theorem

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