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    Basic Features of MICROCOMPUTER: Julius Bancud

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    Red Streak
    The document discusses the basic features of microcomputers including ASCII, components like the microprocessor, memory types like ROM and RAM, registers including general purpose, pointer, segment, flag and index registers. It provides examples to demonstrate how instructions modify the contents of registers like AX, BX, CX and DX. The document is an overview of the fundamental hardware components and architecture of microcomputers.

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    Basic Features of MICROCOMPUTER: Julius Bancud

    Uploaded by

    Red Streak
    37 views17 pages
    The document discusses the basic features of microcomputers including ASCII, components like the microprocessor, memory types like ROM and RAM, registers including general purpose, pointer, segment, flag and index registers. It provides examples to demonstrate how instructions modify the contents of registers like AX, BX, CX and DX. The document is an overview of the fundamental hardware components and architecture of microcomputers.

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    Laboratory 1

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    The document discusses the basic features of microcomputers including ASCII, components like the microprocessor, memory types like ROM and RAM, registers including general purpose, pointer, segment, flag and index registers. It provides examples to demonstrate how instructions modify the contents of registers like AX, BX, CX and DX. The document is an overview of the fundamental hardware components and architecture of microcomputers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    37 views17 pages

    Basic Features of MICROCOMPUTER: Julius Bancud

    Uploaded by

    Red Streak
    The document discusses the basic features of microcomputers including ASCII, components like the microprocessor, memory types like ROM and RAM, registers including general purpose, pointer, segment, flag and index registers. It provides examples to demonstrate how instructions modify the contents of registers like AX, BX, CX and DX. The document is an overview of the fundamental hardware components and architecture of microcomputers.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 17

    Basic Features of MICROCOMPUTER

    Julius Bancud
    ASCII

    • American Standard Code of Information


    Interchange
    • Characters are stored in 8-bit patterns given for
    each character in the ASCII table.
    • For example,
    • Uppercase “A” = 0100 0001
    • Lowercase “a” = 0110 0001
    Microcomputer

    • It can be called as the personal computer (PC),


    single chip processor or system on a chip.
    • Is a digital computer system that uses a
    microprocessor as its central processing unit(CPU).
    • Desktop, laptop computers, video games and many
    types of handheld devices are all examples of
    microcomputer.
    Memory
    • Microcomputer memories consist of collection of chips of two
    kinds- ROM and RAM.
    • ROMs have data written into them only once during their
    lifetime, usually during manufacture.
    - this data is then resident in ROM forever.
    - this memory is used to store programs and
    data which the programmer is not permitted
    to change and which must be available
    immediately when the computer is turned on.
    Memory

    • RAM chips provide program and data storage for


    the ordinary programmer, whatever stored in RAM
    is lost when the computer is turned off.
    Registers
    • The processor’s registers are used to control instructions being
    executed, to handle addressing of memory and to provide arithmetic
    capability.
    • Different types of Registers
    • 1. General-purpose registers
    - these registers that are considered as the workhorses of the
    system. They offer convenient temporary storage for any type of data
    and are useful for arithmetic. Likewise, they are unique in that you can
    address them as one-word or as a one-byte portion. The leftmost byte
    is the “high-byte” portion and the rightmost byte is “low-byte” portion.
    Registers
    a. AX Register
    - It is sometime called the accumulator. This is used in input, output
    and arithmetic operations
    example: AX = 8035h
    AH = 80h AL = 35h
    b. BX Register
    - This is known as the base register since it is only general –purpose
    register that can be used as an index to extend addressing. It is also
    used for computations.
    example: BX= 0C05h
    BH = 0Ch BL= 05h
    Registers
    c. CX Register
    - It is referred to as the counter register. This is used with certain instructions that
    perform operations repeatedly. It may contain a value to control the number of times a
    loop is repeated. It can also be used for computations.
    example: CX = B1F2h
    CH = B1h CL = F2h
    d. DX Register
    - It is known as the data register because it is used to hold data for any purposes .
    Some input/output operations and multiply/divide operations that involve large values
    require its use.
    example: DX = 0BEAh
    DH = 0Bh DL = EAh
    Pointer Registers
    a. BP Register
    - This is 16-bit base pointer register facilitates referencing parameters, which are
    the data, and addresses that a program passes through the stack.
    b. IP Register
    - this is 16-bit instruction pointer register contains the offset address of the next
    instruction that is to execute. It is associated with the CS register in that the IP
    indicates the current instruction within the currently executing code segment.
    c. SP Register
    - This is 16-bit stack pointer register provides an offset value when associated
    with the SS register, refers to the current word being processed in the stack. Both
    the BP and SP register are associated with the SS register and permit the system to
    access data in the stack segment.
    Segment Registers
    These are registers that provide for addressing an area of memory
    known as the current segment.
    a. CS Register
    - Code Segment register contains the starting address of a program’s
    code segment. This segment address plus an offset value in IP
    register indicates the address of an instruction to be fetched for
    execution.
    b. DS Register
    -Data segment register contains the starting address of a program’s
    data segment. Instructions use this address to locate data.
    Segment Registers
    c. EX Register
    - Extra Segment register is used by some string operations to handle memory
    addressing. It is associated with DI register. A program that requires the use
    of the ES may initialize it with an appropriate segment address.

    d. SS Register
    - Stack segment register permits the implementation of the stack in
    memory that a program uses for temporary storage of addresses and data. The
    system stores the starting address of a program’s stack segment in the SS
    register.
    Index Registers

    • These are registers available for indexed addressing and


    addition/subtraction operations.
    a. SI Register
    - The 16-bit source index register is required for some
    string operations. It is associated with the DS register.
    b. DI Register
    - The 16-bit destination index register is also required for
    some string operations and is associated with the ES register.
    Flag Registers
    • These are special registers that the present status of the computer and the results of
    processing. Many instructions involving comparisons and arithmetic change the
    status of the flags, which some instructions may test to determine subsequent action.
    a. Overflow Flag (OF)
    - it indicates that the result of an operation is too long to be stored in the destination
    operand.
    OV is displayed if there is an OVERFLOW; otherwise NV is displayed for NO
    OVERFLOW.
    b. Direction Flag (DF)
    - It is used in string operations to determine the direction of data transfer. UP is
    displayed for UPWARD direction; otherwise DN is displayed for DOWNWARD
    direction.
    Flag registers
    c. Interrupt Flag (IF)
    - It indicates that all external interrupts such as keyboard entry are to be processed
    or ignored.
    - EI is displayed for ENABLED INTERRUPT; otherwise DI for DISABLED
    INTERRUPT.
    d. Sign Flag (SF)
    - it indicates that the result of an operation is positive or negative.
    PL is displayed for PLUS; otherwise NG for NEGATIVE
    e. Zero Flag (ZF)
    - It indicates whether an operation produced zero result.
    ZR is displayed for ZERO; otherwise NZ for NO ZERO
    Example 1
    Determine the contents of AX, BX and CX after executing every sequence of
    the assembly language instruction.

    INSTRUCTION AX BX CX
    MOV AX, 1
    MOV BX, 2
    MOV BX, 3
    ADD AX, BX
    ADD AX, CX
    Example 2
    Determine the contents of AX, BX, CX and DX after
    executing every sequence of the assembly language
    instruction.
    INSTRUCTION AX BX CX DX
    MOV AL, 0F
    MOV BL, 0F
    MOV DL, 0A
    ADD AL, BL
    SUB AL, DL
    MUL DL
    Example 3
    • Determine the contents of AX, BX, CX and DX after
    executing every sequence of the assembly language
    instruction.
    INSTRUCTION AX BX CX DX
    MOV AL, 3F
    MOV BH, 7A
    MOV DH, 90
    ADD AL, BH
    SUB BH, DH
    MOV DL, 55
    MUL DL
    MUL DL

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