Scie 506 – Mechanics and Heat

Week 5

SCIE 506
MECHANICS AND HEAT
Heat (q)
• Heat: the transfer of energy between objects due to a
temperature difference
• Flows from higher-temperature object to lower-temperature
object

If T1 > T2
System Heat Surroundings
(T1) (T2) q system = -
exothermic

If T1 < T2
System Heat Surroundings
(T1) (T2) q system = +
endothermic
 Calorimetry: the measurement of heat flow
• device used is called a... calorimeter
specific heat capacity (c): amt. of heat needed to raise
temp. of 1 g of a substance 1oC (1 K)

• Only useable within a state of matter (i.e. s, l, or g)

For energy changes involving…

heat of fusion (ΔHfus): melting/freezing

heat of vaporization (ΔHvap): boiling/condensing
There are NO temp changes during a phase change.
Various Specific Heat Capacities
Specific
Substance heat capacity
(J/K g)

Gold 0.129 Metals do not

generally require
Silver 0.235
much energy to
Copper 0.385 heat them up
Iron 0.449 (i.e. they heat up
easily)
Aluminum 0.897
H2O(l) 4.184 Water requires
H2O(s) 2.03 much more
energy to heat up
1.998
H2O(g)
We can find the heat a substance loses or gains using:
where q = heat (J) q = m c DT
m = mass of substance (g)
(used within a given
C = specific heat (J/goC) state of matter)
DT = temperature change (oC)
AND
DH = heat of vap/fus (J/g)
q = m ΔH
Heating Curve
g (used between two
+ l/g Cg
Temp.

ΔHvap
states of matter or
l
s/l Cl during a phase change)
s ΔHfus –
Cs
D = final – initial
HEAT
Using heat capacities…

q = m  c  ΔT
q (J) = mass (g)  C (J/goC)  ΔT (oC)
q = joules (J)

Mnemonic device: q = m “CAT”

Heating Curves
• Temperature Change within phase
• change in KE (molecular motion)
• depends on heat capacity of phase
C H2O (l) = 4.184 J/goC (requires the most heat)
C H2O (s) = 2.077 J/goC
C H2O (g) = 2.042 J/goC (requires the least heat)

• Phase Changes (s ↔ l ↔ g)
• change in PE (molecular arrangement)
• temperature remains constant
• overcoming intermolecular forces

ΔHfus = 333 J/g (s ↔ l)

ΔHvap = 2256 J/g (l ↔ g) Why is this so much larger?
 Heating Curve of Water
From Ice to Steam in Five Easy Steps

q4 q5

q1: Heat the ice to 0°C

q1 = m Cs ΔT
q3 q2: Melt the ice into a liquid at 0°C
q2 q2 = m ΔHfus
q3: Heat the water from 0°C to 100°C
q3 = m Cl ΔT
q1 q4: Boil the liquid into a gas at 100°C
Heat q4 = m ΔHvap
Heat
q5: Heat the gas above 100°C
q5 = m Cg ΔT
qtot= q1 + q2 + q3 + q4 + q5
Heating Curve Practice
1. How much energy (J) is required to heat 12.5 g of ice at –
10.0 oC to water at 0.0 oC?
4 5 Notice that your q values are positive
because heat is added…
3
2
q1: Heat the ice from -10 to 0°C
1
q1 = 12.5 g (2.077 J/g oC)(0.0 - -10.0 oC) = 259.63 J
q2: Melt the ice at 0°C to liquid at 0 oC
q2 = 12.5 g (333 J/g) =4162.5 J

qtot = q1 + q2 = 259.63 J + 4,162.5 J = 4,420 J

Heating Curve Practice
2. How much energy (J) is required to heat 25.0 g of ice at –
25.0 oC to water at 95.0 oC?
Notice that your q values are positive
4 5 because heat is added…

3 q1: Heat the ice from -25 to 0°C

2 q1 = 25.0 g (2.077 J/g oC)(0.0 - -25.0 oC)1298.1
= J
1 q2: Melt the ice at 0°C to liquid at 0 oC
q2 = 25.0 g (333 J/g) = 8325 J
q3: Heat the water from 0°C to 95 °C
q3 = 25.0 g (4.184 J/g oC)(95.0 – 0.0oC) = 9937 J

qtot = q1 + q2 + q3 = 1298.1 J + 8,325 J + 9937 J = 19,560 J

Heating Curve Practice
3. How much energy (J) is removed to cool 50.0 g of steam at
115.0 oC to ice at -5.0 oC?
Notice that your q values are negative
4 5 because heat is removed…
q5: Cool the steam from 115.0 to 100°C
3
2 q5 = 50.0 g (2.042 J/g oC)(100.0 - 115.0 oC) = -1531.5 J
q4: Condense the steam into liquid at 100°C
1 q4 = 50.0 g -( 2256 J/g) = -112,800 J
q3: Cool the water from 100°C to 0 °C
q3 = 50.0 g (4.184 J/g oC)(0.0 – 100.0oC) = -20920 J
q2: Freeze the water into ice at 0 °C
q2 = 50.0 g (- 333 J/g) = -16650 J
q1: Cool the ice from 0°C to – 5.0 °C
q1 = 50.0 g (2.077 J/g oC)(- 5.0 – 0.0oC) = -519.25 J

qtot = q1 + q2 + q3+ q4 + q5 = -1531.5 J + -112,800 J + -20920 J + -16,650 J + -519.25 J =

-152,000 J
Food and Energy
Caloric Values
Food joules/gram calories/gram “Calories”/gram
Protein 17,000 4,000 4

Fat 38,000 9,000 9

Carbohydrates 17,000 4,000 4

1 calorie = 4.184 joules 1000 calories = 1 “Calorie”

"science" "food"
or… 1 Kcal = 1 “Calorie”
Smoot, Smith, Price, Chemistry A Modern Course, 1990, page 51
Does water have negative calories?
How many Calories (nutritional) will you burn by
drinking 1.0 L of water, initially at 36.5 oF (standard
refrigeration temperature)? Assume that the body
must expend energy to heat the water to body
temperature at 98.6 oF. 37 oC
5
C   F  32  1 L = 1000 mL 2.5 C
o

9 1 mL = 1 g
1 calorie = 4.184 joules
q  mCT 1000 calories = 1 “Calorie”

q = 1.0 x 103 g (4.184 J/g oC)(37 oC - 2.5 oC) = 144,348 J

144348 J 1 cal 1 “Cal”
= 35 Cal
4.184 J 1000 cal
What will happen over time?

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 291

Let’s take a closer look…
Eventually, the temperatures will equalize
 Much calorimetry is carried out Thermometer
using a coffee-cup calorimeter,
under constant pressure
(i.e. atmospheric pressure)
Styrofoam
cover
• If we assume that no heat is
Styrofoam
lost to the surroundings, then the cups
energy absorbed inside the
calorimeter must be equal to the
energy released inside the Stirrer
calorimeter.
i.e., q absorbed = – q released

qx = – qy
Heat Transfer Experiments
1. A 75.0 g piece of lead (specific heat = 0.130 J/g C), o

initially at 435oC, is set into 125.0 g of water, initially

at 23.0oC. What is the final temperature of the
mixture?
Pb
What is the final
75.0 g 125 g temperature, Tf, of
435.0 °C 23.0 °C
C = 0.130 J/°C g the mixture?
qwater = –qPb
q = m x C x ΔT for both cases, although specific values differ
Plug in known information for each side
Solve for Tf ...
 A 75.0 g piece of lead (specific heat = 0.130 J/goC),
initially at 435oC, is set into 125.0 g of water, initially
at 23.0oC. What is the final temperature of the
mixture?
q = m x C x ΔT for both cases, although specific values differ
Plug in known information for each side
qwater = –qPb

mwater Cwater DTwater = –mPb CPb DTPb

125 (4.18) (Tf – 23) = –75 (0.13) (Tf – 435)
522.5 Tf – 12017.5 = –9.75 Tf + 4241.25
+9.75 Tf +12017.5 +9.75 Tf +12017.5
532.25 Tf = 16258.75
Tf = 30.5oC
2. A 97.0 g sample of gold at 785oC is dropped into 323 g of water,
which has an initial temperature of 15.0oC. If gold has a specific heat
of 0.129 J/goC, what is the final temperature of the mixture? Assume
that the gold experiences no change in state of matter.
T = 785oC
Au
mass = 97.0 g

T = 15.0 oC
mass = 323 g

- LOSE heat = GAIN heat

- [(C Au) (mass) (DT)] = (C H2O) (mass) (DT)
- [(0.129 J/goC) (97 g) (Tf - 785oC)] = (4.184 J/goC) (323 g) (Tf - 15oC)]
- [(12.5) (Tf - 785oC)] = (1.35 x 103) (Tf - 15oC)]
-12.5 Tf + 9.82 x 103 = 1.35 x 103 Tf - 2.02 x 104
3 x 104 = 1.36 x 103 Tf
Tf = 22.1oC
HW #2. If 59.0 g of water at 13.0 oC are mixed with 87.0 g of
water at 72.0 oC, find the final temperature of the system.

T = 13.0 oC T = 72.0 oC
mass = 59.0 g mass = 87.0 g

- LOSE heat = GAIN heat

- [ (mass) (C H2O) (DT)] = (mass) (C H2O) (DT)
- [ (59 g) (4.184 J/goC) (Tf - 13oC)] = (87 g) (4.184 J/goC) (Tf - 72oC)]
- [(246.8) (Tf - 13oC)] = (364.0) (Tf - 72oC)]
-246.8 Tf + 3208 = 364 Tf - 26208
29416 = 610.8 Tf
Tf = 48.2oC
HW #4. 240. g of water (initially at 20.0oC) are mixed with an unknown
mass of iron initially at 500.0oC (CFe = 0.4495 J/goC). When thermal
equilibrium is reached, the mixture has a temperature of 42.0oC. Find
the mass of the iron.
T = 500oC
Fe
mass = ? grams

T = 20oC
mass = 240 g
- LOSE heat = GAIN heat
-q1 = q2
- [ (mass) (CFe ) (DT)] = (mass) (CH2O) (DT)
- [ (X g) (0.4495 J/goC) (42oC - 500oC)] = (240 g) (4.184 J/goC) (42oC - 20oC)]
- [ (X) (0.4495) (-458)] = (240 g) (4.184) (22)
205.9 X = 22091

X = 107 g Fe
 A 23.6 g ice cube at –31.0oC is dropped into 98.2 g
of
water at 84.7oC. Find the equilibrium temperature.
KEY: Assume that the ice melts and the final product is a liquid.
qice = –qwater

qwater = –98.2 (4.18) (Tf – 84.7) = –410.48 Tf + 34767.32

qice = 23.6 (2.077) (0 – –31) + 23.6 (333) + 23.6 (4.18) (Tf – 0)

= 1519.53 + 7858.8 + 98.65 Tf
= 9378.33 + 98.65 Tf
509.13 Tf = 25388.99
Tf = 49.9oC
 Heating Curve Challenge Problems
140 DH = mol x DHvap
1. A sample of ice at -25 C is
o 120
100
DH = mol x DHfus

placed into 75 g of water 80

Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, gas

Temperature (oC)
60

initally at 85oC. If the final 40

20 Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, liquid
0
temperature of the mixture is -20
-40
15oC, what was the mass of the -60
-80 Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, solid

ice? -100

52.8 g ice Time

2. A 38 g sample of ice at -5oC is placed into 250 g of water at 65oC.

Find the final temperature of the mixture assuming that the ice
sample completely melts.
45.6 oC

3. A 35 g sample of steam at 116oC are bubbled into 300 g water at

10oC. Find the final temperature of the system, assuming that
the steam condenses into liquid water.
76.6 oC
 Heating Curve for Water
(Phase Diagram)
F
140 q4 = m DHvap
120 DHvap = +/- 2256 J/g 5

100
BP q2 = m DHfus D E

DHfus = +/- 333 J/g 4

80 q5 = m C DT
Temperature (oC)

60 C g = 2.042 J/goC
3
40
q3 = m C DT
20 Cl = 4.184 J/goC
MP B
0 C
2
-20
1 A  B warm ice
-40 B  C melt ice (s  l)
-60 q1 = m C DT C  D warm water
Cs = 2.077 J/goC D  E boil water (l  g)
-80 E  D condense steam (g  l)
A
E  F superheat steam
-100
Heat
Calculating Energy Changes - Heating Curve
for Water
140 DH = mol x DHvap
120 DH = mol x DHfus
100
80
Temperature (oC)

60 Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, gas

40
20 Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, liquid
0
-20
-40
-60
-80 Heat = mass x Dt x Cp, solid
-100
Time