1. This document provides solutions to thermodynamics practice problems involving calculations of weight on different planets, acceleration due to gravity, thermodynamic properties such as specific volume and density, temperature scales, pressure, energy, work, heat, and thermodynamic systems and processes.
2. Key concepts covered include definitions of temperature, pressure, kinetic energy, potential energy, enthalpy, isolated/closed/open systems, intensive/extensive properties, quality, and using steam tables and property diagrams.
3. Example calculations determine weight on different planets, acceleration due to gravity, specific volume and density, temperatures in different scales, pressures, energies, heat transfer, entropy change, and properties from steam tables.
1. This document provides solutions to thermodynamics practice problems involving calculations of weight on different planets, acceleration due to gravity, thermodynamic properties such as specific volume and density, temperature scales, pressure, energy, work, heat, and thermodynamic systems and processes.
2. Key concepts covered include definitions of temperature, pressure, kinetic energy, potential energy, enthalpy, isolated/closed/open systems, intensive/extensive properties, quality, and using steam tables and property diagrams.
3. Example calculations determine weight on different planets, acceleration due to gravity, specific volume and density, temperatures in different scales, pressures, energies, heat transfer, entropy change, and properties from steam tables.
1. This document provides solutions to thermodynamics practice problems involving calculations of weight on different planets, acceleration due to gravity, thermodynamic properties such as specific volume and density, temperature scales, pressure, energy, work, heat, and thermodynamic systems and processes.
2. Key concepts covered include definitions of temperature, pressure, kinetic energy, potential energy, enthalpy, isolated/closed/open systems, intensive/extensive properties, quality, and using steam tables and property diagrams.
3. Example calculations determine weight on different planets, acceleration due to gravity, specific volume and density, temperatures in different scales, pressures, energies, heat transfer, entropy change, and properties from steam tables.
1. This document provides solutions to thermodynamics practice problems involving calculations of weight on different planets, acceleration due to gravity, thermodynamic properties such as specific volume and density, temperature scales, pressure, energy, work, heat, and thermodynamic systems and processes.
2. Key concepts covered include definitions of temperature, pressure, kinetic energy, potential energy, enthalpy, isolated/closed/open systems, intensive/extensive properties, quality, and using steam tables and property diagrams.
3. Example calculations determine weight on different planets, acceleration due to gravity, specific volume and density, temperatures in different scales, pressures, energies, heat transfer, entropy change, and properties from steam tables.
THERMODYNAMICS PRACTICE PROBLEMS FOR NON-TECHNICAL MAJORS
Thermodynamic Properties
1. If an object has a weight of 10 lbf on the moon, what would the same object weigh on Jupiter? ft ft lbm-ft gJupiter = 75 2 gMoon = 5.4 2 gc = 32 sec sec lbf-sec 2 JJK JJK mg W gc 10×32 W= ⇒m = moon = = 59.26 lbm gc gmoon 5.4
JJK mgJupiter 59.26×75
W = = = 139 lbf Jupiter gc 32
2. An object that weighs 50 lbf on earth is moved to Saturn where its new weight is 105 lbf. What is the acceleration due to gravity on Saturn? ft lbm-ft gEarth = 32 2 gc = 32 sec lbf-sec 2
50 lbf on earth ⇒ 50 lbm
JJK JJK mg W gc 105 × 32 ft W= ⇒g = = = 67.2 gc m 50 sec 2
3. Define, using equations, specific volume ( ν ) and density ( ρ) . What is the
mathematical relationship between these two terms?
V m 1 1 ν= , ρ= , ν = or ρ = m V ρ ν
Temperature and Pressure Measurements
4. (a) Define temperature.
(b) What is the absolute temperature scale corresponding to Fahrenheit? (c) Convert 100° F to that absolute scale.
(a) Temperature: a measure of molecular activity of a substance.
(b) Rankine
(c) °R = °F + 460 ⇒ 100° F converts to 560° R
Page 1 of 9 5. Define pressure.
Pressure: a measure of force exerted per unit area on the boundaries of a
system.
6. If PA=PB, in which direction will the piston move? Explain, using equations.
A B
F P= A ↔ F AB > AA ⇒ P = ⇒ F ↑⇒ FB > FA A↑ Piston will move to the left.
9. Given the conversion factor 1 inch H2O = 0.0361 psid and that the manometer below employs water, find the difference in pressure between compartments A and B.
A B
6 ft
6 ft 12 in 0.0361psid ∆P = = 2.6 psid 1ft 1in
Energy, Work, and Heat
10. Define energy.
Energy: the capacity of a system to perform work or produce heat.
Page 3 of 9 11. Define, using equations, the total kinetic energy, total potential energy, and enthalpy. mgz PE = gc mv 2 KE = 2gc h = u + Pν
12. Given the following information about a system, calculate specific enthalpy (in Btu/lbm). ft 3 Btu P=100 psia ν =1.6 u = 600 Note: 778 ft-lbf=1 Btu lbm lbm
h = u + Pν Btu lbf ft 3 144 in 2 Btu Btu h = 600 + (100 2 )(1.6 )( 2 )( ) = 629.6 lbm in lbm ft 778 ft − lbf lbm
13. Given the following information about a system, calculate specific internal energy (in Btu/lbm). ft 3 Btu P=200psia ν =2.8 h=1000 Note:778 ft-lbf=1Btu lbm lbm h = u + Pν ⇒ u = h − Pν Btu lbf ft 3 144 in 2 Btu Btu u = 1000 − (200 2 )(2.8 )( 2 )( ) = 896.3 lbm in lbm ft 778 ft − lbf lbm
14. A 5 lbm system was taken from 50° F to 150° F. How much energy in the form of heat was added to the system to produce this temperature increase? Btu c p =1.6 lbm-F Q = mc p (Thot − Tcold ) Btu Q = 5lbm × 1.6 × (150 − 50)F = 800Btu lbm F
15. A 10 lbm metal ball has a temperature of 200° F when it is placed in a 50 lbm bath of water at room temperature (72° F). Heat transfer occurs between the two substances until equilibrium is reached. Find this equilibrium temperature. Btu Btu c pWater =1.0 c pMetal = 4.3 lbm-F lbm-F
Page 4 of 9 QOutBall = QInWater mball cball (Tballinitial − Teq ) = mwater cwater (Teq − Twaterinitial ) (mcT )ball + (mcT )water Teq = (mc )ball + (mc )water 10 lbm 4.3 Btu 200 F 50 lbm 1.0 Btu 72 F + lbm − F lbm − F Teq = 50 lbm 1.0Btu 10 lbm 4.3 Btu + lbm − F lbm − F Teq = 131.2F
16. During a phase change, the specific entropy of a 20 lbm system increases from Btu Btu 0.31 to 1.61 while the temperature of the substance is a constant lbm − R lbm − R 212°F. Find the heat transfer into this system. Hint: Must convert temperature to Rankine.
20 lbm ( 212 + 460 ) R (1.61 − 0.31) Btu
Q = m T ∆s = = 17, 472 Btu lbm R
17. A nuclear power plant is found to generate 80 MW of power. A typical Honda
civic is capable of producing 150 HP. How many Honda Civic’s would be required to generate the equivalent power of this nuclear power plant? Use the energy and power equivalences found in the DOE Fundamentals Handbook (see Pages 23 and 24 of the “Energy, Work, and Heat” module).
18. Define isolated system, closed system, and open system.
Isolated system – A system that is not influenced in any way by its surroundings (mass and energy do not cross the system boundary). Closed System – A system which has no transfer of mass with its surroundings, but that may have a transfer of energy. Open System – A system that may have a transfer of both mass and energy with its surroundings
19. Can a system be in steady state yet have the fluid passing through it undergoing a phase change? Reconcile your answer with the definition of steady state. Page 5 of 9 Yes. Steady state occurs in a system when the fluid properties at a given point remain constant with respect to time. A fluid undergoing a phase change will have properties that change from point to point. However, to determine if the system is in steady state, we must concentrate on a single point over time.
Change of Phase
20. Describe the difference between an intensive and an extensive property. Give 2 examples of each type of property.
Intensive properties are independent of the amount of mass present. Extensive
properties are a function of the amount of mass present. Examples of intensive properties are pressure, temperature, and density. Examples of extensive properties are volume, weight, and energy.
21. A system contains 250 lbm of saturated liquid and 10 lbm of saturated vapor. What is the quality of the system?
22. Steam enters a turboexpander as a saturated vapor at 500 psia and is expanded at constant entropy to 5 psia. Using the Mollier diagram in Appendix A (Figure A- 1), find the ∆h for this process. Btu From the Mollier diagram: 1205 − 895 = 310 lbm
23. Use the excerpt from the steam tables in Appendix A (Figure A-2) to find h, ν , and s for water:
Saturated liquid, P = 350 psia
Btu ft 3 Btu h = 409.8 ν = 0.01912 s = 0.6059 lbm lbm lbm − R Saturated vapor, P = 400 psia Btu ft 3 Btu h = 1204.6 ν = 1.16095 s = 1.4847 lbm lbm lbm − R Saturated liquid, T = 468 F Btu ft 3 Btu h = 450.7 ν = 0.01976 s = 0.6502 lbm lbm lbm − R Superheated steam, P = 400 psia and T=700 F Btu ft 3 Btu h = 1363.4 ν = 1.6499 s = 1.6406 lbm lbm lbm − R
Page 6 of 9 24. Use the steam tables and the concept of quality to find h and ν for water at a Btu pressure of 260 psia if entropy is known to be 0.725 . lbm − R s − sf 0.725 − 0.5722 sWV = sf + Xsfg ⇒ X = WV = = 16% sfg 0.9508 Btu hWV = hf + Xhfg = 379.9 + 0.16 × 821.6 = 511.4 lbm ft 3 ν WV = ν f + Xν fg = 0.01870 + 0.16 × 1.75548 = 0.29958 lbm
25. Calculate specific internal energy for a 200 psia system of saturated liquid. Hint: Review the definition of enthalpy.
h = u + Pν ⇒ u = h − Pν Btu lbf ft 3 144in 2 Btu Btu u = 355.5 − (200 2 )(0.01839 )( 2 )( ) = 354.82 lbm in lbm ft 778ft − lbf lbm
First Law of Thermodynamics
26. State the First Law of Thermodynamics.
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only altered in form.
27. The following schematic of a simple Rankine cycle consists of steam leaving a boiler at T=550 F and P=400 psia and passes through a turboexpander where it does work and exhausts with an enthalpy of 932 Btu/lbm. The exhaust is then condensed to an enthalpy of 85 Btu/lbm before being pumped back into the boiler. T=550 F P=400 psia
h=?? Btu/lbm h=932 Btu/lbm
h=85T Btu/lbm 116 F
= 4.15×106 Btu and Q
Given W 7 Btu turb boiler =1.43×10 ,find the mass flow rate of the lbm lbm system ), the total heat transfer out at the condenser(Q system(m Cond ),and the enthalpy of
the fluid after leaving the pump and before entering the boiler.
Page 7 of 9
W turb = m system = Wturb system ( ∆h )turb ⇒ m ( ∆h )turb Btu 4.15 × 106 system hr lbm ⇒m = = 1.2 × 104 Btu hr (1277.5 − 932) lbm
29. An inventor claims to have invented a device which absorbs 2500 Btu of heat and produces 2000 Btu of work. If the heat sink for the device is ice water (32 F), what would be the minimum source temperature?
30. What is the efficiency of a turbine which receives dry, saturated steam at 100 psia and exhausts a wet vapor at 1 psia, while producing 230 Btu/lbm of real work?
Page 8 of 9 w real 230 lbm Btu ηturbine = = w ideal hstm − hexhideal hsat.stm@100 psia = 1188 lbm Btu from Mollier diagram or steam table hexhideal @1 psia = 895 lbm Btu from intersection of constant entropy process line with 1 psia line on Mollier diagram. 230 Btu ηturbine = lbm = .785 = 78.5% (1188 − 895) lbm Btu
Compression Processes
31. State the ideal gas law. Explain the meaning of each symbol.
Pν = RT where P is the gas pressure in absolute units, ν is the specific volume
of the gas, R is a constant for a given gas, and T is the absolute temperature of the gas.
32. When can a fluid be considered incompressible? Give an everyday example of
such a fluid.
A fluid is considered incompressible when it is in the liquid state, or when it is a
gas at high speed. (Speed greater than 1/3 the speed of sound in the gas.) Liquid water is an everyday fluid which is considered to be nearly incompressible.
