Chapter I

CHAPTER-1
ENGINEERING MECHANICS II (DYNAMICS)

Meng 2104
Reference:- Meriam, J.L. and Kraige, L. G., Engineering Mechanics Dynamics, 8 th Ed. 2015
Learning outcomes
 Define Dynamics
 define basic concepts Such as
space,time,mass,force,particle and rigid body
 note applications of dynamics
 State and explain Newton’s Laws of motion
 Perform calculations using SI and U.S. customary units.
1.Introduction
Mechanics:- Branch of physical sciences that is concerned
with the state of rest or motion of bodies subjected to
the action of forces.

 Mechanics has two distinct parts:
1.Statics:- which deals with the effects of forces on bodies
at rest. Is concerned with the equilibrium of a body that is at
rest.
Cont.
2.Dynamics is a branch of mechanics which deals with the

motion of bodies under the action of forces.
• The study of dynamics in engineering usually follows
the study of statics, which deals with the action of
forces on bodies at rest.
Dynamics has two distinct parts:
i. Kinematics
ii. Kinetics
i. Kinematics- which is the study of motion without

reference to the forces which cause motion.
ii. Kinetics- which relates the action of forces on

bodies to their resulting motion.
The rapid technological developments of the
present day requires increasing application of
the principles of mechanics, particularly
dynamics.
1.2 Area of application of dynamics
 Analysis and design of moving
structures.
 Fixed structure subjected to
shock load.
 Robotic systems
 Automatic control system

Rockets
Missiles and spacecraft
Transportation vehicle
Machinery of all types, such as turbines, pumps, etc.

1.3 Basic concepts and terms
Space – the geometric region occupied by bodies.
Time – is a measure of the succession of events and is
considered an absolute quantity in Newtonian mechanics.
Mass – is defined as the quantity of matter in a body or a
property that gives rise to gravitational attraction.
Force – vector action of one body on another.

Particle – a body of negligible dimensions.
- when the dimension of a body are irrelevant to the

description of its motion or the action of force on it, the
body may be treated as a particle.
Rigid body – is a body whose changes in shape are negligible

compared with the over all dimensions of the body or with
the changes in position of the body as a whole.
1.4 Newton's Laws of Motion
Law I - A particle
remains at rest or
continuous to move
in a straight line
with a constant
velocity if there is
no unbalanced
force acting on it.
.
Law II
The acceleration of a particle

is proportional to the
resultant force acting on
it and is in the direction
of this force.
F = ma………………1.1
.
• Law III –The force of
action and reaction
between interacting
bodies are equal in
magnitude and
opposite in direction.
1.5 System of units
 Units are standards for measurement of physical

quantities adopted by convention.
 There are International System of metric units (SI)
and the U.S. customary system of units.
 Dynamics, gives stronger emphasis on the metric
system.
 The four fundamental quantities of mechanics, and
their units and symbols for the two systems, are
 The four fundamental quantities of mechanics.
Quantity SI – units US – units
Mass Kg slug
Time s sec
Length m ft
Force N lb
 In U.S. customary units, the pound is unfortunately used for

both, as a unit of force, pound force (lbf ) and as a unit of
mass, pound mass (lbm).
1 Pound (1lb) is equal to 4.4482N

Exercise 1: For the 3500-lb car, determine:
(a) its mass in slugs,
(b) its weight in newtons, and
(c) its mass in kilograms.
03/08/2022
1.6 NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITATION
 Newton states that two particles of masses m1 and m2 at a distance r from
each other attract each other with equal and opposite forces F and - F
directed along the line joining the particles is given by;
m 1m 2
Where: F = G 2
.......1.2
r
F= the mutual force of attraction
between two particles.
G= Universal constant = 6.673x10-11 m3/kg-s2
m1,m2 = the masses of the two particles

r = the distance between the centers
of the particles.
The acceleration due to gravity or gravitational acceleration is
derived from combining equation 1.1 and 1.2 . Every object
which falls in a vacuum at a given height near the surface of the
earth will have the same acceleration regardless of its mass.
Gm e ……………………………………………………………………………1.3
g=
R2
Where Me is the mass of the earth and R is radius of the earth( assuming
it to be sphere)
Effect of Altitude
 The force of gravitational attraction of the earth on a body depends on the
position of the body relative to the earth. If the earth were a perfect
homogeneous sphere, a body with a mass of exactly 1 kg would be attracted
to the earth by a force of
 9.825 N on the surface of the earth
 9.822 N at an altitude of 1 km

 The value of ( mass of the earth) and (R is the radius of the earth) have been found through
experimental measurements to be , respectively.

me m1
𝐅=m1 𝐠=G 2
R
me
𝐠=G 2 substituted into the expression
 These values, together with the value ofalready cited, when
R
for g, give a mean value of :
03/08/2022
The variation of g with altitude is easily determined by the
gravitational law. If go represents the absolute acceleration due
to gravity at sea level, the absolute value at an altitude h is;

R2
g = g0
( R  h) 2
………………………………..1.4
R – radius of the earth

 The variation of with altitude is easily determined from the gravitational law.
 If represents the absolute acceleration due to gravity at sea level,
 Therefore, absolute value at an altitude h is determined by:

R2
𝐠= g o 2
( R +h)
where R = is the radius of the earth.
03/08/2022
Note: In almost all engineering problems where
measurements are made on the surface of the earth,
the effects of local variation are neglected, and
9.81m/s2 in SI unit is used for the sea level value of g.

Effect of rotating earth
• The acceleration due to gravity as determined from the

gravitational law is the acceleration which would be
measured from a set of axes whose origin is at the
center of the earth.
• With respect to this ‘fixed’ axes, this value may be

termed the absolute value of g.
• Because the earth rotates, the acceleration of a freely falling body

as measured from a position attached to the surface of the earth is
slightly less than the absolute value.
Standard value of g
 The standard value which has been adopted internationally for the
gravitational acceleration relative to the rotating earth at sea
45 s2
sec 2
level and at a latitude of is 9.80665m/ or 32.1740ft/
 In almost all engineering applications near the surface of the

earth, we can neglect the difference between the absolute and
relative values of the gravitational acceleration, and the effect of
local variations.
Apparent Weight
 Gravitational attraction or weight of a body is a
force, it should always be expressed in force
units, newtons (N) in SI units and pounds force
(lb) in U.S. customary units.
 To avoid confusion, the word “ weight” in this
book will be restricted to mean the force of
gravitational attraction.
 The apparent weight of a body is
determined by a spring balance, calibrated
to read the correct force and attached to
the surface of the earth, will be slightly
less than its true weight.
 The difference is due to the rotation of the
earth.
 Apparent weight shows on the reading of
a scale.
1.7 Methodology used to formulate and solve dynamics problems
(a) Draw any needed diagrams, and include coordinates which are appropriate for the problem at
hand.
(b) State the governing principles to be applied to your solution.
(c) Make your calculations.
(d) Ensure that your calculations are consistent with the accuracy justified by the data.
(e) Be sure that you have used consistent units throughout your calculations.
(f) Ensure that your answers are reasonable in terms of magnitudes, directions, common sense, etc.
(g) Draw conclusions.

Class Exercises
1.Deterime the gravitational acceleration of an object on the earth
surface or closer to the earth surface.
Use; R=6,371km r
me= 5.976x1024Kg
2.Calculate the gravitational acceleration of an object found at the top
of the mountain that has a height of 8000m . h

r
solution
From the given parameter and formula of gravitational force
m 1m 2
F = G
r2
F = ma
Gm e
g=
R2
d ! ! !
E n
Exercise
A space-shuttle payload module weighs 100 lb when resting

on the surface of the earth at a latitude of 45 north.
a) Determine the mass of the module in both slugs and

kilograms, and its surface-level weight in Newton
.
b) Now suppose the module is taken to an altitude of 200
miles above the surface of the earth and released there
with no velocity relative to the center of the earth.
Determine its weight under these conditions in both
pounds and newton's.
c) Finally, suppose the module is fixed inside the cargo bay of a space
shuttle. The shuttle is in a circular orbit at an altitude of 200 miles
above the surface of the earth. Determine the weight of the module in
both pounds and newton's under these condition
Cont…
• [For the surface-level value of the acceleration of gravity
relative to a rotating earth, use g=32.1740ft/
(9.81/) and
• For the absolute value relative to a non-rotating earth,

use g= 32.234ft/ or (9.825m/ )].

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CHAPTER-1

ENGINEERING MECHANICS II (DYNAMICS)

with the state of rest or motion of bodies subjected to

the action of forces.

1.Statics:- which deals with the effects of forces on bodies

at rest. Is concerned with the equilibrium of a body that is at

2.Dynamics is a branch of mechanics which deals with the

i. Kinematics- which is the study of motion without

ii. Kinetics- which relates the action of forces on

present day requires increasing application of

the principles of mechanics, particularly

 Analysis and design of moving

 Fixed structure subjected to

 Automatic control system

Missiles and spacecraft

Machinery of all types, such as turbines, pumps, etc.

Time – is a measure of the succession of events and is

considered an absolute quantity in Newtonian mechanics.

Mass – is defined as the quantity of matter in a body or a

property that gives rise to gravitational attraction.

Force – vector action of one body on another.

- when the dimension of a body are irrelevant to the

Rigid body – is a body whose changes in shape are negligible

The acceleration of a particle

 Units are standards for measurement of physical

 In U.S. customary units, the pound is unfortunately used for

1 Pound (1lb) is equal to 4.4482N

(a) its mass in slugs,

(b) its weight in newtons, and

(c) its mass in kilograms.

between two particles.

G= Universal constant = 6.673x10-11 m3/kg-s2

m1,m2 = the masses of the two particles

 The force of gravitational attraction of the earth on a body depends on the

homogeneous sphere, a body with a mass of exactly 1 kg would be attracted

to the earth by a force of

 9.825 N on the surface of the earth

 9.523 N at an altitude of 100 km

 7.340 N at an altitude of 1000 km

experimental measurements to be , respectively.

gravitational law. If go represents the absolute acceleration due

to gravity at sea level, the absolute value at an altitude h is;

R – radius of the earth

 If represents the absolute acceleration due to gravity at sea level,

 Therefore, absolute value at an altitude h is determined by:

where R = is the radius of the earth.

measurements are made on the surface of the earth,

the effects of local variation are neglected, and

9.81m/s2 in SI unit is used for the sea level value of g.

• The acceleration due to gravity as determined from the

• With respect to this ‘fixed’ axes, this value may be

• Because the earth rotates, the acceleration of a freely falling body

 In almost all engineering applications near the surface of the

 Gravitational attraction or weight of a body is a

force, it should always be expressed in force

units, newtons (N) in SI units and pounds force

(lb) in U.S. customary units.

 To avoid confusion, the word “ weight” in this

book will be restricted to mean the force of

determined by a spring balance, calibrated