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    What Is Hydrology ? 2. What Is Isotope Hydrology ? 3. What Are Isotopes ? 4. Process Controlling Natural Distribution of Isotope 5. Application of Isotope in Hydrology

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    This document outlines the key concepts in isotope hydrology. It begins by defining hydrology and isotope hydrology. Isotope hydrology uses stable and radioactive isotopes to trace hydrological processes. Isotopes are variants of elements with different atomic masses. Stable isotopes like oxygen-18 and deuterium are fractionated by evaporation and condensation, while radioactive isotopes like tritium decay over time. The natural distribution of isotopes is controlled by these environmental processes. Isotope hydrology has applications in studying atmospheric water, surface water, groundwater dynamics and paleoclimate reconstruction.

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    What Is Hydrology ? 2. What Is Isotope Hydrology ? 3. What Are Isotopes ? 4. Process Controlling Natural Distribution of Isotope 5. Application of Isotope in Hydrology

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    Roshan
    24 views14 pages
    This document outlines the key concepts in isotope hydrology. It begins by defining hydrology and isotope hydrology. Isotope hydrology uses stable and radioactive isotopes to trace hydrological processes. Isotopes are variants of elements with different atomic masses. Stable isotopes like oxygen-18 and deuterium are fractionated by evaporation and condensation, while radioactive isotopes like tritium decay over time. The natural distribution of isotopes is controlled by these environmental processes. Isotope hydrology has applications in studying atmospheric water, surface water, groundwater dynamics and paleoclimate reconstruction.

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    Presentation talks about Application of Isotope techniques in Hydrology.

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    This document outlines the key concepts in isotope hydrology. It begins by defining hydrology and isotope hydrology. Isotope hydrology uses stable and radioactive isotopes to trace hydrological processes. Isotopes are variants of elements with different atomic masses. Stable isotopes like oxygen-18 and deuterium are fractionated by evaporation and condensation, while radioactive isotopes like tritium decay over time. The natural distribution of isotopes is controlled by these environmental processes. Isotope hydrology has applications in studying atmospheric water, surface water, groundwater dynamics and paleoclimate reconstruction.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    24 views14 pages

    What Is Hydrology ? 2. What Is Isotope Hydrology ? 3. What Are Isotopes ? 4. Process Controlling Natural Distribution of Isotope 5. Application of Isotope in Hydrology

    Uploaded by

    Roshan
    This document outlines the key concepts in isotope hydrology. It begins by defining hydrology and isotope hydrology. Isotope hydrology uses stable and radioactive isotopes to trace hydrological processes. Isotopes are variants of elements with different atomic masses. Stable isotopes like oxygen-18 and deuterium are fractionated by evaporation and condensation, while radioactive isotopes like tritium decay over time. The natural distribution of isotopes is controlled by these environmental processes. Isotope hydrology has applications in studying atmospheric water, surface water, groundwater dynamics and paleoclimate reconstruction.

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    of 14

    Outline:

    1. What is hydrology ?

    2. What is Isotope hydrology ?

    3. What are isotopes ?

    4. Process controlling natural distribution of isotope

    5. Application of isotope in hydrology.


    1. What is Hydrology

    Hydrology: science of water


    2. What is isotope hydrology

    Development of isotope hydrology

    In late 1940s/early 1950s

    Precise/sensitive nuclear techniques available to study


    • Fractionation of stable water isotopes (2H, 18O) and
    • Distribution of radioactive hydrogen isotope (tritium,3H)
    in atmosphere and hydrosphere
    2. What is isotope hydrology

    Development of isotope hydrology

    In late 1940s/early 1950s

    Precise/sensitive nuclear techniques available to study


    • Fractionation of stable water isotopes (2H, 18O) and
    • Distribution of radioactive hydrogen isotope (tritium,3H)
    in atmosphere and hydrosphere

    Since then,
    • The use of stable and radioactive isotopes expanded (e.g. stable C and N
    isotopes, radioactive carbon, Cl, Kr isotopes
    • New insights into both atmospheric and terrestrial elements of the water cycle
    have been gained (e.g. recharge and flow regime of groundwater, climate in
    the past)
    • New interdisciplinary scientific field came into being – Isotope Hydrology
    2. What is isotope hydrology

    Isotope hydrology uses stable and radioactive isotopes of water and its
    dissolved constituents to trace hydrological processes

    Isotope Hydrology – interdisciplinary field

    Physical and Chemical sciences Hydrological sciences

    Nuclear physics, hydrochemistry Hydrology, hydrogeology

    Measurement of isotopes content in Interpretation of the isotope data


    different component of water cycle to trace hydrological processes
    3. What are isotopes
    Isotopes are species (atoms) of a given element with
    different atomic mass (different numbers of neutrons)
    3. What are isotopes

    Isotopes

    Stable isotopes Radioactive isotopes

    Examples: 18O, 2H, 13C, 15N, 34S Example: 3H, 14C, 36Cl, 81Kr

    Subject to fractionation processes, Subject to radioactive decay


    e.g. evaporation, condensation (amount decreases with time)
    Stable isotopes are often used in hydrology
    Elements Isotope Natural abundance in %

    Hydrogen 1
    H 99.985
    2
    H 0.015

    Carbon 12
    C 98.89
    13
    C 1.11

    Nitrogen 14
    N 99.63
    15
    N 0.37

    Oxygen 16
    O 99.759
    17
    O 0.037
    18
    O 0.204

    Sulfur 32
    S 95.00
    33
    S 0.76
    34
    S 4.22
    36
    S 0.014
    3. What are isotopes

    Isotopes

    Stable isotopes Radioactive isotopes

    Examples: 18O, 2H, 13C, 15N Example: 3H, 14C, 36Cl, 81Kr

    Subject to fractionation processes, Subject to radioactive decay


    e.g. evaporation, condensation (amount decreases with time)

    Tracer (fingerprint) of origin Timer of hydrological process


    and formation of water (e.g. recharge and flow rate of
    groundwater)
    • Radioactive decay is stochastic process
    • The decay probability of an instable nucleus is constant, i.e. it is independent of
    the age of the nucleus

    N = number of instable nuclei in sample: -dN ̴ N.dt = constant

    -dN/N.dt = constant = λ λ : decay constant

    N = No e- λt T1/2 = ln2/ λ = half life


    4. Process controlling natural distribution of isotope
    Environmental isotope

    18
    O, 2H

    18
    O,2H

    13
    C, 15N
    18
    O,2H

    3
    H, 14C/13C
    4. Process controlling natural distribution of isotope

    18
    O, 2H
    Condensation
    18
    O,2H

    Evaporation
    13
    C, N
    15
    Biology/Geochem. Process
    18
    O,2H

    3
    H, 14C
    Radioactive decay
    5. Application of isotope in hydrology

    1. Atmospheric water vapour and precipitation


    evaporation, condensation, and recycling processes
    2. Surface water
    river, lake, reservoir(dam), sea, ocean
    3. Groundwater
    surface-groundwater interaction, groundwater
    dynamics(recharge, flow, residence time(average time),
    mass transport);
    palaeo-groundwater; arid zone hydrology, geothermal
    fluids; groundwater pollution
    4. Climate
    Paleoclimate, global warming, global change, climate phenomena
    References :

    • Vol 1. of Mook book

    • IAEA lectures
    Water Resources Programme

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