Chapter Three

Energy Transport By Heat, Work and

Mass
Engineering Thermodynamics I
 Energy of a System
• Energy can be viewed as the ability to cause change.
• Energy can exist in numerous forms such as
• thermal,
• mechanical,
• kinetic,
• potential,
• electric,
• magnetic,
• chemical, and
• Nuclear
• Their sum constitutes the total energy E of a system.
 Energy [Continued]
• In thermodynamic analysis, energy can
be group in to two forms:
• Microscopic forms of energy are those
related to the molecular structure of a
system and the degree of the molecular
activity, and they are independent of
outside reference frames.
 Energy [Continued]
• The sum of all the microscopic
forms of energy is called the
internal energy of a system and
is denoted by U. Example:
» Latent energy
» Chemical energy
» Nuclear energy
» Sensible energy
 Macroscopic forms [Continued]

• Macroscopic forms of energy are those a system possesses as a whole

with respect to some outside reference frame, such as kinetic and
potential energies.

– The energy that a system possesses as a result of its motion relative to some
reference frame is called kinetic energy (KE) and is expressed as

V2 V2 (kJ / kg )
KE  m (kJ ) ke 
2 2
 Macroscopic forms
• Macroscopic forms of energy are those a system possesses as a whole
with respect to some outside reference frame, such as kinetic and
potential energies.

– The energy that a system possesses as a result of its elevation in a gravitational

pe  gz
field is called potential energy (PE) and is expressed as
PE  mgz (kJ ) (kJ / kg )
 Macroscopic forms [Continued]
• The total energy of a system consists of the kinetic, potential,
and internal energies and is expressed as
V2
E  U  KE  PE E U  m  mgz
2

V2
e  u  ke  pe eu  gz
2
• Most closed systems remain stationary during a process and
thus experience no change in their kinetic and potential
energies.
 Macroscopic forms [Continued]

• Closed systems whose velocity and elevation of the center of

gravity remain constant during a process are frequently
referred to as stationary systems.
• The change in the total energy E of a stationary system is
identical to the change in its internal energy U.

  ∆ 𝐸=∆𝑈
 Energy transport by heat and work
• Energy can cross the boundary of a closed system in two
distinct forms: heat and work.
 Energy transport by heat
• Heat is defined as the form of energy that is
transferred between two systems (or a system
and its surroundings) by virtue of a
temperature difference.
 Energy transport by heat
• A process during which there is no heat transfer
is called an adiabatic process.
• There are two ways a process can be adiabatic:
• Well insulated
• Both the system and the surroundings are at the same
temperature
 Energy transport by heat
• As a form of energy, heat has energy units, kJ
• The amount of heat transferred during the
process between two states (states 1 and 2) is
denoted by Q12, or just Q
• Sometimes it is desirable to know the rate of
heat transfer (the amount of heat transferred
per unit time)
 Energy transport by heat
• Heat is transferred by three mechanisms:
• conduction,
• convection, and
• radiation.
• Heat transfer per unit mass of a system is
denoted q and is determined from
Q
q (kJ / kg )
m
 Energy Transport by Work
• Work is also a form of energy transferred like heat and,
therefore, has energy units kJ.
• The work done during a process between states 1 and 2 is
denoted by W12, or simply W.
• The work done per unit time is called power and is denoted by
The unit of power is kJ/s, or kW.
• The work done per unit mass of a system is denoted by w and is
expressed as W
w (kJ / kg ) Example:-
m A rising piston
A rotating shaft
Sign convention for energy transported by heat and work

• Heat and work are directional quantities, and

thus the complete description of a heat or
work interaction requires the specification of
both the magnitude and direction.
Sign convention for energy transported by heat and work
• The generally accepted formal sign convention
for heat and work interactions is as follows:
• heat transfer to a system and work done by a system are
positive;
• heat transfer from a system and work done on a system are
negative

work done by the work done on the

system (positive) system (negative)
 Boundary work
• The work associated with a moving boundary is called
boundary work.
• The expansion and compression work is often called boundary
work.
Boundary work
2
Wb    Wb
1

F
 Wb  Fds  Ads  PdV
A
2
Wb   PdV
1

2 2
Area  A   dA   PdV
1 1
 Some typical process
• Boundary work at constant volume process

If the volume is held constant,

=0
and the boundary work equation
becomes
2
Wb   PdV  0
1
• Boundary work at constant pressure

If the pressure is held constant

the boundary work equation
becomes

2 2
Wb   PdV  P  dV  P(V2  V1 )
1 1
• Boundary work at constant temperature (Isothermal)
mRT
P
V
2
Wb   PdV
1
2 mRT
Wb   dV
1 V
mRT  C  PV

If the temperature of an 2 dv V2
Wb  C  Wb  Cln
ideal gas system held 1 V V1
constant, then the equation
V2 V2
of state provides the Wb  mRTln  PV
1 1 ln
pressure volume relation. V1 V1
 Polytropic Process
• During actual expansion and compression processes of gases,
pressure and volume are often related by PVn = C. where n
and C are constants
2
Wb   PdV
1

2  V2 n 1  V1 n 1  2 2  PV
PV
Wb   n
CV dV  C    1 1
1
  n  1  1 n

mR (T2  T1 )
Wb  For ideal gases
1 n
 Polytropic Process

• For the special case of n = 1the system is isothermal process

and the boundary work becomes

2 2 V2
Wb   PdV  1 CV dV   PV ln
n
V1
1
 Spring Work
• When the length of the spring changes by a differential
amount dx under the influence of a force F, the work done is

2
 Wspring   Fdx
1

F  kx
1
Wspring  k ( x22  x12 )
2
 Energy transferred by Mass
• When mass enters a control volume, the energy of the control
volume increase because the entering mass carries some
energy with it.
• when some mass leaves the control volume, the energy
contained within the control volume decreases because some
leaving mass takeout some energy within it.
Example
1.A gas is contained with in a piston cylinder
device initially at 20MPa and 0.02m3. if
expands to a final volume of 0.06m3 under the
following process
a) constant pressure
b) PV=const
c) PV1.4=const
Determine the total work done in each process
2.A piston–cylinder device contains 0.05 m3 of a gas initially at
200 kPa. At this state, a linear spring that has a spring constant
of 150 kN/m is touching the piston but exerting no force on it.
Now heat is transferred to the gas, causing the piston to rise
and to compress the spring until the volume inside the cylinder
doubles. If the cross-sectional area of the piston is 0.25 m2,
determine (a) the final pressure inside the cylinder, (b) the
total work done by the gas, and (c) the fraction of this work
done against the spring to compress it.
3.A frictionless piston–cylinder device contains
2 kg of nitrogen at 100 kPa and 300 K.
Nitrogen is now compressed slowly according
to the relation PV1.4=constant until it reaches a
final temperature of 360 K. Calculate the work
input during this process.
4.A gas is compressed from an initial volume of 0.42 m 3 to a
final volume of 0.12 m3. During the quasi-equilibrium
process, the pressure changes with volume according to
the relation P=aV+b, where a=1200kPa/m3 and
b=600kPa. Calculate the work done during this process
(a) by plotting the process on a P-V diagram and finding
the area under the process curve and (b)by performing
the necessary integrations.
5.A piston–cylinder device initially contains air at 150
kPa and 27°C. At this state, the piston is resting on a
pair of stops, as shown in Fig. 4–32, and the enclosed
volume is 400 L. The mass of the piston is such that a
350-kPa pressure is required to move it. The air is
now heated until its volume has doubled. Determine
(a) the final temperature, (b) the work done by the air,
and (c) the total heat transferred to the air.
6.A piston enclosed 2kg of saturated water which has a
quality of 10% and 500 kPa initially. The piston
pressure is 1 MPa. The water is heated in the system
as shown in the figure until the final state of the water
is saturated vapor. When the piston rests on the stop
the additional volume enclosed is 0.19m3. Determine
the work done by the water and the final temperature
and pressure. Neglect the volume occupied by the
piston.
7.A piston–cylinder device contains 50 kg of water at 250 kPa
and 25°C. The cross-sectional area of the piston is 0.1 m2.
Heat is now transferred to the water, causing part of it to
evaporate and expand. When the volume reaches 0.2 m3, the
piston reaches a linear spring whose spring constant is 100
kN/m. More heat is transferred to the water until the piston
rises 20 cm more. Determine (a) the final pressure and
temperature and (b) the work done during this process. Also,
show the process on a P-V diagram.