BMEE203L – Engineering Thermodynamics

Module 3 – First Law of

Thermodynamics
Dr. Feroskhan M
Associate Professor, SMEC
Unit 3 – First Law of Thermodynamics
Topic Date

07/09/2022
Energy analysis of closed and open systems
08/09/2022
Energy analysis of closed and open systems - Cont
09/09/2022
Problems
energy analysis of steady flow devices - boiler,
19/09/2022
turbine, heat exchangers, pumps and nozzles
21/09/2022
Problems
23/09/2022
energy analysis of unsteady flow processes
26/09/2022
Problems
limitations of the first law of thermodynamics
BMEE203L - Engineering Thermodynamics 26/09/2022
 First Law of Thermodynamics – closed systems
• Conservation of energy: can only be transferred/transformed, not destroyed
• Joule’s experiments (1840-49): Paddle wheel work on water, mercury, metal
blocks heated up by friction, electric heating
• In a closed system undergoing a cycle,  dQ   dW
• For a process, dE = dQ – dW ;
• Difference of two inexact differentials = exact differential
• DE = Ein – Eout = Qnet - Wnet
• DE = m[(u2 – u1) + (V22 – V12)/2 + g(z2 – z1)]
• DE = DU when DKE, DPE are small
• If either Q or W is absent, the other depends only on end states – pt function

DU = Qnet – Wnet when KE, PE are negligible

 1st Law of Thermodynamics
• Based on experimental observations, the 1st
law states that energy can neither be created
nor destroyed during a process; it can only
change forms
• This law is also known as the conservation of
energy principle
• It provides a sound basis for studying the
relationships among various forms of energy
and energy interactions

4
 Case Study 1: Falling Rock
• The decrease in PE exactly equals the increase
in KE, if the air resistance is neglected

5
 Case Study 2: System undergoing
Adiabatic Processes
• A system is undergoing a series of adiabatic
processes from state 1 to state 2
• The net work has been found to be same
regardless of the nature of the closed system
and the details of the process
• That means the value of net work depends on
the end state only and it must correspond to a
change in property of the system
• This property is the Total Energy
6
Case Study 3: Baked Potato

7
Case Study 4: Heating Water

8
Case Study 5: Electric Room Heater

9
Case Study 6: Compressed Air

10
Case Study 7: System Involving Heat
and Work Interaction

11
 Energy Balance
• The net change in the total energy of the system
during a process is equal to the difference
between the total energy entering and the total
energy leaving the system during the process
• Ein – Eout = DEsystem
• Esystem = Efinal – Einitial
• Energy is a property of a system
• DE = DU + DKE + DPE
• For stationary system, DKE and DPE are equal to
zero and hence DE = DU
12
 Mechanisms of Energy Transfer
• Energy can be transferred to or from a system in
three forms: Heat, Work and Mass Flow
• For a closed system, energy transfer is by heat
and work transfer only
• For an open system, the mass flow is included
along with heat and work transfer
• Ein – Eout = (Qin-Qout)+(Win-Wout)+(Emass, in-Emass,out) = DEsystem
• The above equation is known as the Energy Balance
Equation

13
 Other Forms of Energy Equation
• Compact Form: Ein – Eout = DEsystem

dEsystem
• Rate Form: E in  E out 
dt

• Specific Form: ein – eout = Desystem

• Differential Form: dein  deout  desystem

14
 Closed System in a Cycle
• For a closed system undergoing a cycle, the
initial and final states are same and hence
DE = E1-E2 = 0.
•  Wnet= Qnet

15
 Problem 1
A classroom that normally contains 40 people is to
be air-conditioned with a window A/C units of 5 kW
cooling capacity. A person at rest may be assumed
to dissipate heat at a rate of about 360 kJ/h. There
are 10 light bulbs in the room, each with a rating of
100 W. The rate of heat transfer to the classroom
through the walls and the windows is estimated to
be 15,000 kJ/h. If the room air is to be maintained
at a constant temperature of 21 0C, determine the
number of window A/C units required.

16
 Problem 2
Consider a room that is initially at the outdoor
temperature of 20 0C. The room contains a 100
W light bulb, a 110 W TV set, a 200 W
refrigerator, and a 1000 W iron. Assuming no
heat transfer through the walls, determine the
rate of increase of the energy content of the
room when all of these devices are on.

17
 Problem 3
A fan is to accelerate quiescent air to a velocity
of 10 m/s at a rate of 4 m3/s. Determine the
minimum power that must be supplied to the
fan. Take the density of air to be 1.18 kg/m3.

18
Moving Boundary Work (Pdv Work)
• In closed systems like a gas in a piston-cylinder
arrangement, a part of the boundary moves
back and forth

• This is the form of work in automobile engines

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Moving Boundary Work in Quasi
Equilibrium Process

dWb  Fds  PAds  Pdv

Wb   Pdv
2

20
PdV Work-Graphical Representation

The area under the process curve on a P-V diagram is

equal, in magnitude, to the work done during a quasi-
equilibrium expansion or compression process of a
closed system 21
 PdV Work for Various Processes
• Constant Volume Process:
2
Wb   Pdv  0 as dv  0
1

• Constant Pressure Process:

2 2
Wb   Pdv  P0  dv  P0 v2  v1 
1 1

22
 PdV Work for Various Processes…
• Isothermal Process: Pv=mRT0=C or P=C/v
2 2 2
C dv v v v
Wb   Pdv   dv  C   C ln 2  P1V1 ln 2  P2V2 ln 2
1 1
v 1
v v1 v1 v1

• Polytropic Process: PVn=C or P=CV-n

 n 1  n 1
 P v  Pv Pv  P v
2 2
v v
Wb   Pdv   Cv n dv  C 2 1
 2 2 11 11 2 2
1 1
 n 1 1 n n 1

23
Joule’s Experiment
• Measurements:
Weight and
Temperature

• Variables:
Materials and
Weights
• Conclusion:

 dQ   dW
24
 Extension of Joule’s Result to a Process
For cycle 1 - A - 2 - B - 1
2 1 2 1

 dQ   dQ  dW   dW
1
A
2
B
1
A
2
B (i)

For cycle 1 - C - 2 - B - 1
2 1 2 1

 dQ   dQ  dW   dW
1
C
2
B
1
C
2
B (ii)

Subtracting (ii) from (i)

2 2 2 2

 dQ  dQ
1
A
1
C   dWA   dWC
1 1
2 2

 dQ  dW   dQ  dW 
1
A
1
C

 dQ  dW  depends only on end states

 dQ  dW  is a property
dQ  dW  dE 25
 Energy Balance in Closed Systems
• The Energy Balance for any system undergoing
any kind of process is Ein-Eout=DEsystem
• For a closed system undergoing a cycle, the initial
and final states are same, DEsystem=0
• Therefore Ein=Eout
• Since in a closed system (in a cycle), no mass
flows in or out, only heat and work interactions
are involved, Wnet out=Qnet in
• Similarly, for a closed system undergoing a
process, Qnet in – Wnet out = DEsystem

26
 Specific Heats
• Specific Heat is the energy required to raise
the temperature of a unit mass of a substance
by one degree

 du 
Cv   
 dT v
 dh 
Cp    ; h  u  pv
 dT  P

27
 Problem 4
An engine is tested by means of a water brake at
1000 rpm. The measured torque of the engine is
10,000 N.m and the water consumption of the
brake is 0.5 m3/s, its inlet temperature being 20
0C. Calculate the water temperature at exit,

assuming that the whole of the engine power is

ultimately transformed into heat which is
absorbed by the cooling water.
Ans: 20.5 0C

28
 Problem 5
A mass of 8 kg gas expands within a flexible
container so that the P-v relationship is of the
form Pv1.2=const. The initial pressure is 1000 kPa
and the initial volume is 1 m3. The final pressure
is 5 kPa. If specific internal energy of the gas
decreases by 40 kJ/kg, find the heat transfer in
magnitude and direction.
Ans: +2615 kJ

29
 Problem 6
The properties of a certain fluid are related as
follows:
u=196 + 0.718 T
pv=0.287(T+273)
Where u is the specific internal energy (kJ/kg), T
is in 0C, p is pressure (kN/m2), and v is specific
volume (m3/kg). Find the Cv and Cp for this fluid.
Ans: 0.718, 1.005 kJ/kg-K
30
 Problem 7
A gas of mass 1.5 kg undergoes a quasi-static expansion
which follows a relationship p=a+bv, where a and b are
constants. The initial and final pressures are 1000 kPa and
200 kPa respectively and the corresponding volumes are
0.2 m3 and 1.2 m3. The specific internal energy of the gas
is given by the relation:
u=1.5 pv – 85 kJ/kg
Where p is in kPa and v is in m3/kg. Calculate the net heat
transfer and the maximum internal energy of the gas
attained during expansion.
Ans: 660 kJ, 503.3 kJ

31
 Boundary work and Heat for ideal
gases during different processes
• Boundary work (Wb) = ∫pdV
Process Definition Wb Q
Isochoric V = const 0 nĉv(T2 – T1)

Isobaric p = const p(V2 – V1) nĉp(T2 – T1)

Isothermal T = const p1V1 ln(V2/V1) = nRuT ln(V2/V1) = Wb
= nRuT ln(p1/p2)
Polytropic pVk = const nRu (T2 – T1)/(1 – k) =Wb (g – k) / (g – 1)

pVg = const nRu (T2 – T1)/(1 – g)

• Isentropic
Indicate these processes on a p-V diagram 0

• g = ratio of specific heats

– Monatomic gas : 1.67 Which type of gas would produce
– Diatomic gas: 1.4 more work during expansion?
– Triatomic gas: 1.33

MEE 1003 - Engineering Thermodynamics

 Specific heats
• Energy required to raise the temperature of unit mole/mass of substance
by 1 K (units: kJ/kg.K , kJ/kmol.K etc.)
• cp > cv because part of the supplied heat is used to do boundary work also
• Consider a closed system of unit mass, with only heat and Wb exchanges
• Isochoric (Wb=0): Q = du = cvdT, i.e. cv = (∂u/ ∂T)v = (∂Q/ ∂T)v
• Isobaric: Q = du + W = du + pdV = dh = cpdT [where enthalpy, h = u + pv]
cp = (∂h/∂T)p = (∂Q/∂T)p

• Ideal gases: u and h are functions of T alone (Joule, 1843)

• cp, cv for ordinary gases are 3rd degree polynomials of T
• Ideal gases: cp - cv = R or Ru (on molar basis); cp / cv = g
• Solids, liquids : Incompressible (v = const). cp = cv = c

MEE 1003 - Engineering Thermodynamics

 Conservation of Mass
• Mass cannot be created nor destroyed
• Mass and energy can be converted to each other
according to E=mc2
• For most energy interactions, the change in mass
is extremely small, except for nuclear reactions
• For Closed Systems, the mass of the system
remains enclosed and hence constant
• For an Open System (Control Volume), there are
mass in and out flows and so mass should be
tracked carefully
34
 Conservation of Mass Principle
• The net mass transfer to or from a control volume
during a time interval Dt is equal to the net
change in the total mass within the control
volume during Dt
min – mout = Dmcv

• The above equations are known as Mass balance

Equations
35
 Mass Balance in Steady-Flow
Processes
• For Steady Flow Processes, mcv is constant and hence
Dmcv=0

Steady Flow:
 m  m
in out

( The total rate of mass entering the CV is equal to the total rate of mass leaving it)

Steady Flow (Single Stream):

 2  1V1 A1  2V2 A2
1  m
m

Steady Incompressible Flow (Single Stream):

V1 A1  V2 A2 36
Examples of Mass balance

37
 Flow Work or Flow Energy
• Unlike Closed Systems, control volumes
involve mass flow across their boundaries, and
some work is required to push the mass into
or out of the CV
• This work is known as Flow Work or Flow
Energy

38
Expression for Flow Work

F  PA
W flow  FL  PAL  PV
w flow  Pv

39
 Total Energy of Flowing Fluid (θ)
• e = u + ke + pe
• θ = pv + e = pv + (u + ke + pe)
• But h = u + pv
• Therefore θ = h + ke + pe
V2
  h  gz
2
• The flow work is automatically taken care by
Enthalpy, h

40
 Energy Transport by Mass
 V2 
Amount of Energy Transport Emass  m  m h   gz 
 2 
  V 2

Rate of Energy Transport Emass  m   m  h   gz 
 2 
When KE and PE are negligible ,
E mass  mh and
E
mass mh

41
 Energy Analysis for Steady Flow
Systems
• During a steady flow process, the total energy
of a control volume remains constant
(Ecv=const)
 DEcv=0
• Therefore, the amount of energy entering a
control volume in all forms (heat, work and
mass) must be equal to the amount of energy
leaving it

42
Energy Analysis for Steady Flow
Systems…
E in  E out
Q in  Win   m  Q out  Wout   m 
in out

 V 2
  V 2

Q in  Win   m  h   gz  Q out  Wout   m  h   gz 
in  2  out  2 
 V 2
  V 2

Q  W   m  h   gz    m  h   gz 
out  2  in  2 
For single stream devices,
 2
 2

 g z 2  z1 
  V V
Q  W  m h2  h1 
 2 1

 2 
In the absence of KE and PE changes,
Q  W  m h  h  or
2 1

q  w  h2  h1

43
 Some Examples of Steady Flow
Processes
• Nozzle and Diffusor
• Throttling Device
• Turbine and Compressor
• Heat Exchanger

44
 Nozzle and Diffuser
• A Nozzle is a device which increases the
velocity of a fluid at the expense of its
pressure drop
• Diffuser increases the pressure of a fluid at the
expense of its velocity

45
 Nozzle and Diffuser…
• Assumptions: No heat transfer, no change in
PE, for nozzle V2>>V1
• Work done is zero as nozzle and diffuser do
not involve work
Q  W  Dh  DKE  DPE

 
0  0  h2  h1  V2  V12  g z2  z1 
1 2
2

1 2

0  h2  h1  V2  0  0
2
V2  2h1  h2 
46
 Throttling Device
• When a fluid flows through a constricted
passage, like a partially opened valve, an
orifice, or a porous plug, there is an
appreciable drop in pressure, and the flow is
said to be throttled

47
 Throttling Device…
• Assumptions: Adiabatic, no change in PE, no
change in KE
• No work is involved during the throttling
process
Q  W  Dh  DKE  DPE
0  0  h2  h1  0  0
h2  h1

• Therefore, throttling is Isenthalpic process

48
 Turbine and Compressor
• Turbines and engines give positive power
output whereas compressors and pumps
require power input

49
 Turbine and Compressor…
• Assumptions: Adiabatic, no change in KE and
PE
Q  W  Dh  DKE  DPE
0  W  h2  h1  0  0
 W  h2  h1
W  h1  h2

50
 Heat Exchanger
• A Heat Exchanger is a device in which heat is
transferred from one fluid to another

51
 Heat Exchanger…
• Assumptions: No change in KE and PE
• No heat transfer to surroundings and no work
involved
E in  E out
Q in  Win   m  Q out  Wout   m 
in out

 V 2
  V 2

Qin  Win   m  h 
   gz  Qout  Wout   m  h 
   gz 
in  2  out  2 
0  0  mc h1  ms h2   0  0  mc h3  ms h4   DKE  DPE
mc h1  ms h2   mc h3  ms h4 
52
 Problem 8
Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/s through an
air compressor entering at 7 m/s, 100 kPa pressure,
and 0.95 m3/kg volume, and leaving at 5 m/s, 700
kPa, and 0.19 m3/kg. The internal energy of the air
leaving is 90 kJ/kg greater than that of air entering.
Cooling water in the compressor jackets absorbs
heat from the air at the rate of 58 kW. (a) Compute
the rate of shaft work input to the air compressor in
kW. (b) Find the ratio of the inlet pipe diameter to
outlet pipe diameter.
Ans: 122 kW, 1.89

53
 Problem 9
A hot water stream at 80 0C enters a mixing
chamber with a mass flow rate of 0.5 kg/s where
it is mixed with a stream of cold water at 20 0C.
If it is desired that the mixture leave the
chamber at 42 0C, determine the mass flow rate
of the cold water stream. Assume all the
streams are at a pressure of 250 kPa.
Ans: 0.865 kg/s
• h1 ≅ hf @ 80°C = 335.02 kJ/kg h2 ≅ hf @ 20°C =
83.915 kJ/kg h3 ≅ hf @ 42°C = 175.90 kJ/kg 54
 Problem 10
Air enters an adiabatic nozzle steadily at 300
kPa, 200 0C and 30 m/s and leaves at 100 kPa
and 180 m/s. The inlet area of the nozzle is 80
cm2. Determine (a) the mass flow rate through
the nozzle, (b) the exit temperature of the air,
and (c) the exit area of the nozzle.
Ans: 0.5303 kg/s, 184.6 0C, 38.7 cm2

55
 Problem 11
The steam supply to an engine comprises two streams
which mix before entering the engine. One stream is
supplied at the rate of 0.01 kg/s with an enthalpy of 2952
kJ/kg and a velocity of 20 m/s. The other stream is supplied
at the rate of 0.1 kg/s with an enthalpy of 2569 kJ/kg and a
velocity of 120 m/s. At the exit from the engine the fluid
leaves as two streams, one of water at the rate of 0.001
kg/s with an enthalpy of 420 kJ/kg and the other of steam;
the fluid velocities at the exit are negligible. The engine
develops a shaft power of 25 kW. The heat transfer is
negligible. Evaluate the enthalpy of the second exit stream.

Ans: 2402 kJ/kg 56

 Problem 12
Five hundred kilograms per hour of steam drives a
turbine. The steam enters the turbine at 44 atm and
450 0C at a linear velocity of 60 m/s and leaves at a
point 5 m below the turbine inlet at atmospheric
pressure and a velocity of 360 m/s. The turbine
delivers shaft work at a rate of 70 kW, and the heat
loss from the turbine is estimated to be 104 kcal/h.
Calculate the specific enthalpy change associated
with the process.
Ans: -650 kJ/kg

57
Thank You !