The document discusses gaseous exchange and the transport of respiratory gases in the human body. It explains that in the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood in the lung capillaries into the alveolus, and oxygen diffuses from the alveolus into the lung capillaries. It also describes how carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in three ways: as bicarbonate ions, bound to hemoglobin, and dissolved as carbonic acid. The document outlines the processes by which carbon dioxide diffuses from body cells into tissue capillaries and is transported to the lungs, as well as the transport of carbon dioxide from lung capillaries into the alveolus prior to exhalation
The document discusses gaseous exchange and the transport of respiratory gases in the human body. It explains that in the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood in the lung capillaries into the alveolus, and oxygen diffuses from the alveolus into the lung capillaries. It also describes how carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in three ways: as bicarbonate ions, bound to hemoglobin, and dissolved as carbonic acid. The document outlines the processes by which carbon dioxide diffuses from body cells into tissue capillaries and is transported to the lungs, as well as the transport of carbon dioxide from lung capillaries into the alveolus prior to exhalation
Original Description:
Form 4 Biology KSSM
Chapter 8: Respiratory Systems in Humans and Animals
The document discusses gaseous exchange and the transport of respiratory gases in the human body. It explains that in the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood in the lung capillaries into the alveolus, and oxygen diffuses from the alveolus into the lung capillaries. It also describes how carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in three ways: as bicarbonate ions, bound to hemoglobin, and dissolved as carbonic acid. The document outlines the processes by which carbon dioxide diffuses from body cells into tissue capillaries and is transported to the lungs, as well as the transport of carbon dioxide from lung capillaries into the alveolus prior to exhalation
The document discusses gaseous exchange and the transport of respiratory gases in the human body. It explains that in the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood in the lung capillaries into the alveolus, and oxygen diffuses from the alveolus into the lung capillaries. It also describes how carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in three ways: as bicarbonate ions, bound to hemoglobin, and dissolved as carbonic acid. The document outlines the processes by which carbon dioxide diffuses from body cells into tissue capillaries and is transported to the lungs, as well as the transport of carbon dioxide from lung capillaries into the alveolus prior to exhalation
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8.
3 Gaseous Exchange in Humans Partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide Partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide
• Gas diffusion depends on the partial pressure difference between two
areas. • The gas diffuses from an area where its partial pressure is higher to an area where its partial pressure is lower, which is down a partial pressure gradient. Gaseous exchange and the transport of respiratory gases Gaseous exchange and the transport of respiratory gases • In the lungs, blood that enters the lung capillaries contains a higher partial pressure of carbon dioxide compared to the alveolus. • Carbon dioxide diffuses out from the lung capillaries and into the alveolus before it is expelled into the atmosphere through the nose and mouth. • The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolus is higher than the lung capillaries. • Oxygen diffuses into the lung capillaries. • Oxygen combines with haemoglobin in erythrocytes to form oxyhaemoglobin • Blood that leaves the lungs through the pulmonary vein has a high partial pressure of oxygen and a low partial pressure of carbon dioxide. • Cellular respiration releases carbon dioxide. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in cells is higher than tissue capillaries. • Carbon dioxide diffuses out from the body cells into the tissue capillaries and is transported back to the lungs. • When blood reaches the tissue through the tissue capillaries, the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood is higher than that of body cells because cellular respiration uses oxygen. • Oxyhaemoglobin breaks down and oxygen diffuses from the tissue capillaries to the body cells. • Blood that enters the lungs through the pulmonary artery has a low partial pressure of oxygen and a high partial pressure of carbon dioxide. Transport of carbon dioxide in the blood circulatory system • Carbon dioxide is transported in three ways:
1. 70% is carried in the form of
bicarbonate ion (HCO3–) 2. 23% carbon dioxide combines with haemoglobin to form carbaminohaemoglobin 3. 7% is dissolved and carried as carbonic acid (H2CO3) The transport of carbon dioxide from body cells to tissue capillaries • Carbon dioxide (CO2) released by the body cells binds with water (H2O) in the erythrocyte to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). • The carbonic anhydrase enzyme in erythrocyte catalyses this reaction. • Carbonic acid (H2CO3) will break down into bicarbonate ion (HCO3–) and hydrogen ion (H+). • Then HCO3– diffuses into the blood plasma and is carried to the lungs. The transport of carbon dioxide from lung capillaries to the alveolus • When the bicarbonate ion( HCO3–) in blood plasma reaches the lung capillaries, it diffuses back into the erythrocyte. • The bicarbonate ion combines again with a hydrogen ion (H+ ) to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). • Carbonic acid (H2CO3) then breaks down into carbon dioxide and water. • Carbon dioxide diffuses through the lung capillaries into the alveolus and is expelled during exhalation. 8.4 Health Issues Related to the Human Respiratory System Health Issues Related to the Human Respiratory System Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Asthma chronic Bronchitis Emphysema
Emphysema
• the alveolus loses its elasticity
and increases in size. • alveolus wall is damaged, the total surface area of alveolus decreases • gaseous exchange becomes less efficient Chronic Bronchitis • bronchiole becomes inflamed, swollen and blocked. • This reduces the flow of air and causes difficulties in breathing. • A large amount of mucus formed will cause continuous coughing. • Damaged cilium causes difficulty in expelling mucus. Asthma • the bronchiole walls become swollen and thick. • The opening of the bronchiole tube becomes smaller, and the air passage becomes narrower. • This condition leads to difficulties in breathing and causes breathlessness. FORMATIVE PRACTICE D C FORMATIVE PRACTICE Kelantan 2015 P1 – Tekanan separa oksigen di P rendah P2 – Tekanan separa oksigen di Q rendah P3 – Tekanan separa oksigen di R tinggi Pengangkutan oksigen P1 – Oksigen diangkut dari peparu /alveolus ke seluruh bahagian badan / sel P2 – Oksigen bergabung dengan haemoglobin di eritrosit P3 – membentuk oksihaemoglobin P4 – Oksihaemoglobin dibawa ke sel/tisu badan P5 – Oksihaemoglobin terurai kepada haemoglobin dan oksigen P6 – oksigen meresap ke sel badan (untuk respirasi sel) Mana-mana 4
Pengangkutan karbon dioksida
P1- Karbon dioksida diangkut dari sel ke peparu /alveolus P2 – Dalam bentuk ion hodrogen karbonat dalam plasma P3 – larut dalam plasma darah P4 – bergabung dengan haemoglobin membentuk karbaminohaemoglobin P5- Apabila darah tiba ke peparu, karbon dioksida dibebaskan dan meresap keluar daripada kapilari darah ke alveolus FORMATIVE PRACTICE Terengganu 2012