Chapter 2 - Structure of Atom

CHEMISTRY-11
CHAPTER -2 STRUCTURE OF
ATOM
HAKIMUDDIN PHALASIYAWALA
Chemistry-11 Chapter 3- Concepts Of Chemistry Hakimuddin
Introduction
As we have already studied about Daltons
Atomic Theory of Matter, and later it was
concluded that Atom is made up of 3 sub
-atomic particles. The particles are Electron,
Proton and Neutron. In this chapter ,we will
study about different attempts made to explain
atomic models .The phenomenon that leads to
development of dual nature of Light and
Matter .Also, we will deal with the methods to
be followed while writing electronic
configurations, and much more . Let us see
that first how these fundamental particles were
discovered, and how they are arranged in
structure of Atom.
2
DISCOVERY OF ELECTRON:
The Electron was discovered by J.J Thomson by conducting a
Cathode ray tube experiment.
For the experiment he used Crooke’s tube, which was 60cm long
glass tube and had a small tube attached. To this small tube
vacuum pump was attached, it also had two metal plates which
were connected to battery by wires.
The tube contained gas at atmospheric pressure. when current at high voltage (10,000volts) was passed following observations
were made:
1.When current was passed through a gas at 1 atmospheric pressure and at a very high voltage, nothing happened. That is no
visible effect was seen inside the tube.
2.Then further the pressure of gas was reduced by pumping the air out, with the help of vacuum pump. The pressure was
reduced to 10-2atm, then on passing current it was seen that whole tube started glowing green.
3.Then further the pressure was reduced to 10-4It was seen the whole glow vanished, but it was seen that at the end of the tube
(anode side) there was a faint green glow observed.
To confirm the faint glow anode was made perforated, and a zinc sulphide screen (fluorescent material) was placed behind it.

When current was passed under same conditions it also started glowing green. This confirmed that under those conditions
some rays were emitted through cathode, and were travelling towards anode. Those rays were called as cathode rays and found
to consist of negatively charged particles called electron.
3
Properties of cathode rays
1.They are found to travel in straight line. This property

was concluded by performing an activity where the object
was placed in their path. When they strike it ,they casted
the shadow of the object as shown below:
2.Cathode rays are formed of material particles. This

property was concluded by performing an activity where in
their path a paddle was mounted on an axle. When they
strike it ,they rotated the paddle .
3.They are negatively charged. This property was

concluded by performing an activity where electric and
magnetic field was applied, they deflected towards positive
plate and in presence of magnetic field they deflected
towards north pole.
4
4. When they strike some metal surface, they heated it. So, it was concluded they can also
produce heating effect.
5. They cause ionization of gas through which they passed.
6. They produce x-rays when strike against the hard metal like tungsten etc.
7. They can make florescent material glow, when strikes some fluorescent material.
8. They affect the photographic plate.
9. They have penetrating effect.
From the above properties and experiment it was concluded that cathode rays are made up
of negatively charged particles called electron.
Further experiments were carried out in order to know the charge and mass of electron. It was
found to be:
•Charge :1.6 x 10-19C Mass 9.1 x 10-31kg
We can define electron as:
“A fundamental particle that is negatively charge of magnitude 1.6 x 10-19C and mass
equal to 9.1 x 10-31
5
DISCOVERY OF PROTON: IT WAS DONE BY E. GOLDSTEIN

•In 1836 the same experiment was carried out where the same conditions were provided. The gas at low
pressure was taken and current was passed.
•The high voltage between the electrodes was passed. It was found that when cathode rays passed through the
gas, they ionized the gas by taking electrons along, leaving behind positively ionized gas particles.
These particles were travelling towards cathode. These particles were found to form the beam of rays of
positively charged particles and were called as canal rays.
•These rays consist of positively charged particles called a proton.
Properties of anode rays
1.They also travel in straight line.
2.They are also made up of particles.
3.They carry positive charge.
4.Their ratio of charge to mass was different for different gas that was taken in tube.
5.The mass of particles were found to be different for different gases. It was nearly equal to the mass of atom.
When hydrogen gas was taken in the tube its mass was found to be minimum. As we know, Hydrogen atom is
the lightest one and its charge to be same as Electron. It is 1.6x10-19C and its e/m ratio taken as standard that is
1.67x 10-24g.
Proton is defined as a
“fundamental particle which carries one-unit positive charge and mass nearly same as hydrogen atom.”
6
DISCOVERY OF NEUTRON:
It was discovered by Chadwick. In
which he bombarded some light
elements with fast moving alpha
particles. He found, that some new
particles were emitted which carried
no charge and had mass equal to that
of proton.These neutral particles were
named as neutron.
So, neutron is defined as:
“the fundamental particle which
carries no charge and mass equal to
that of hydrogen atom.” 7
ATOMIC MODELS OF ATOM

J.J THOMSON PLUM PUDDING MODEL
In 1904, the attempt to explain structure of Atom was done by J.J Thomson.
According to Thomson :Atom is positively charged sphere in which few negative

charges are scattered at certain places like plums in pudding or cherries in ice
creams.
Limitation of this model: However, this model failed. The reason

about failure was as it wasn’t possible that few negative charges
remain scattered in the positive sphere. As we know, opposite
charges attract each other. So, these negative charges would
have been neutralized. They can’t remain scattered. However, this
couldn’t be explained by Thomson therefore the model failed.
8
RUTHERFORD SCATTERING EXPERIMENT:

In order to explain the structure of atom, Rutherford performed the scattering experiment.
For this, he took Gold foil and passed Alpha rays through it. The source of these Alpha rays was
radioactive substance which was kept in a Lead block (as Lead is inert towards it). These rays were
made to pass through a slit. Alpha rays are actually positively charged rays consisting of Helium
nucleus (He). To notice the scattering of rays, he fitted movable screen made of florescent material
around the gold foil.
Following observations were made: -
1.Some rays passed straight.
2.Some rays were deflected through small & large
angles.
3.Some rays rebound back.
Conclusion drawn:
•Most of the space in atom is empty.
•There is something in center of an atom called Nucleus.
•Nucleus is +vely charged.
So, According To Rutherford ,structure of an atom is similar to
solar system.
9
So, According To Rutherford ,structure of an atom is like solar system.

He said,
Atom is electrically neutral.
Nucleus is in center.
In which protons & neutrons are present.
Outside nucleus electrons revolve like planets revolve around sun.
He said, atom is made of two parts: nucleus and extra nuclear part .
In Nucleus, positive charge is present and in extra nuclear part electrons are present as shown in figure:
Proton -> (+)vely charged
Electron -> (-)vely charged
Neutron -> No charge
Limitation : he failed to explain the stability of an atom”.
According To Electromagnetic theory, a charged particle revolving in circular path continuously emits
energy and shorten its path.
As we know, Electrons are also a charged particle revolving in circular path. So, they should also emit
energy and shorten its path .As a result, they should finally fall into nucleus. But this doesn’t happen.
10
Some definitions were also given related to atom:

Atomic number: It is equal to number of protons in an atom .It is represented
by ‘Z’and is written as subscript.
Atomic Mass: It is equal to number of nucleons, or we can say sum of protons
and neutrons in nucleus of an atom. It is represented as ‘A’ and is written as
superscript.
Representation of atom of an element
It is the method of representation of element by specifying its symbol, atomic
number and mass number .The rule involved is writing symbol and specifying
its atomic number as subscript and mass number as superscript.
11
ISOTOPES, ISOBARS, ISOELECTRONICAND ISOTONES:
12
Numerical:-
Question 1: Calculate the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in 80/35 Bromine?
Answer 1:-
Question 2: Find out the atomic numbers, mass number and number of protons?
Answer 2:-
13


creams.

14


creams.

15

Chapter 2 - Structure of Atom

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 2 - Structure of Atom

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 2 - Structure of Atom

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHEMISTRY-11

Properties of cathode rays

1.They are found to travel in straight line. This property

2.Cathode rays are formed of material particles. This

3.They are negatively charged. This property was

DISCOVERY OF PROTON: IT WAS DONE BY E. GOLDSTEIN

ATOMIC MODELS OF ATOM

According to Thomson :Atom is positively charged sphere in which few negative

Limitation of this model: However, this model failed. The reason

RUTHERFORD SCATTERING EXPERIMENT:

So, According To Rutherford ,structure of an atom is like solar system.

Limitation : he failed to explain the stability of an atom”.

Some definitions were also given related to atom:

ISOTOPES, ISOBARS, ISOELECTRONICAND ISOTONES:

ATOMIC MODELS OF ATOM

According to Thomson :Atom is positively charged sphere in which few negative

Limitation of this model: However, this model failed. The reason

ATOMIC MODELS OF ATOM

According to Thomson :Atom is positively charged sphere in which few negative

Limitation of this model: However, this model failed. The reason

You might also like