Atomic Structure

ATOMIC STRUCTURE CHEMISTRY
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
SYNOPSIS - 1
INTRODUCTION
1. Matter is made up of small particles.
2. These small particles can be atoms, molecules (or) ions.
3. The words anu and paramany stand for small and very small particles.
4. The idea of finiest unit of matter was proposed by Maharshi Kannada in
Vedic period in our country.
5. John Dalton is 1808 published them of atom assuming that atom are the
ultimate indivisible particles of matter.
The views of Kanad
Way back as the sixth century BC, the Indian philosopher Maharshi Kanad
came forward with the following idea.
Matter is not continuous, and made up of tiny particles, named paramanus.
(In Sanskrit, ‘param’ means ‘final’ or ‘ultimate’, ‘and’ anu means ‘particle’.)
Kanad further said that two or more paramanus combine to form bigger
particles.
The Views of Democritus and Leucippus
In the fifth century BC, the Greek philosophers Democritus and
Leucippus came up with a similar idea.
They thought that on dividing a piece of a substance, one would
ultimately get a particle that could not be divided further.
They gave the name atomos (in Greek, atomos means indivisible)
to these ultimate particles.
Dalton’s Theory
The theories of Kanad as well as of Democritus and Leucippus remained
forgotten for more than two thousand years.
JOHN DALTON
But when experimental chemistry developed, it became necessary to explain
the observed facts.
VII Class - Chemistry 136

CHEMISTRY ATOMIC STRUCTURE
In this connection, in 1803, an English chemist, John Dalton, put forward

his atomic theory, which can be summarised as follows.
1. Composition of matter: Elements are made up of very small particles
of matter, called atoms (derived from the Greek word atoms).
2. Indivisibility of atoms: Atoms are indivisible. They cannot be further
broken down.
3. Atoms of similar elements: The atoms of an element are alike in all
the respects.
4. Indivisibility of atoms: Atoms can be neither be created nor be destroyed
in a chemical reaction, cannot be converted to that of another element.
5. The atoms of different elements are different in all the respects.
6. Combination of atoms: Atoms combine in small whole numbers to
form compound (molecules).
7. Role of atom in a chemical reaction: An atom is defined as the smallest
part of an element that takes part in a chemical reaction.
Fundamental Particles
Discovery of Electron, Protons & Neutrons
Discovered by J.J. Thomson.
Electron was discovered by cathode ray experiment.
Cathode rays
A discharge tube is a long glass tube, at the two ends of which are sealed
two metal plates.
These plates can be connected to a high-voltage source and are called
electrodes.
The electrode connected to the negative terminal of the source is called the
cathode, and the one connected to the positive terminal is called the anode.
There is also a side tube which can be connected to an exhaust pump, used
for lowering the pressure of the gas inside the discharge tube.
When a high voltage is applied across the terminals, and the pressure inside
the tube is 0.01-0.001 mm of mercury, the end of the tube opposite the
cathode starts glowing.
This phenomenon is called fluorescence. Investigations have shown that
some invisible rays, starting from the cathode, fall on the opposite wall of
the tube, causing fluorescence.
These rays were named as cathode rays.
137 VII Class - Chemistry

Exhaust pump
High-voltage source
Cathode rays produced in a discharge tube
The characteristics of cathode rays
Sir J.J.Thomson and others found that cathode rays have the following
characteristics.
Cathode rays was disovered by Crooks
Cathode rays are the stream of electrons
Cathode rays travel in straight lines.
Cathode rays are deflected towards anode
Positive rays have one or more units of +ve charge.
Ex: H  the charge is +1
H 2 the charge is +2
The charge and mass of an electron
1. The charge to mass ratio (e/m) of an electron was determined by J.J.Thomson
to be 1.78 × l08 C/g (coulomb per gram).
2. In 1908, R.A.Millikan determined the charge of an electron to be 1.6 ×
10–19 C.or 4.802  1010 esu.
3. THe e/m value of the electron is called its specific charge.
1
4. Electron has a mass of of that of the hydrogen atom.
1836
5. Absolute mass of the electron = 9.11 10 28 grams or 9.11  10 31 kg or 0.0005486
amu.
The Proton
An atom is electrically neutral. But the electrons present in it are negatively
charged particles.
Hence, the atom must also contain some positively charged particles so that
the overall charge on it becomes zero.
These particles should be found in the discharge tube itself, when cathode
rays are formed.
Anode rays
Goldstein repeated the cathode-ray experiment using a perforated cathode.
He observed that there was a glow on the wall opposite the anode.
So, some rays must be travelling in the direction opposite that of the cathode
rays, i.e., from the anode towards the cathode.

These rays were called anode rays or canal rays (as they moved through the
perforations, or canals, in the cathode).
It was found that these rays contained positively charged particles, and so,
J.J.Thomson called them positive rays.
Positive rays Cathode rays Positive Red
from anode from Cathode rays glow
Anode Cathode
High-voltage source
Anode rays
The characteristics of anode rays
Ø Goldstein discovered the protons in an anode ray experiment.
Ø Anode rays are also called as canal rays or positive rays.
Ø They travel in straight lines.
Ø Cause mechanical motion.
Ø Anode rays cause heating effect.
Ø They get deflected both in electric and magnetic filed but in opposite direction
to that deflections caused by cathode ray.
e
Ø The value of anode rays is not constant and depends on the nature of gas
m
inside the discharge tube.
The charge and mass of a proton
Charge
The charge on a proton is the same (1.6 × 10–193) as that on an electron, but
with opposite sign. It is taken as a unit of positive charge. So, a proton has a
unit positive charge, i.e., +1.
Mass
The mass of a proton is the same as that of a hydrogen atom, i.e., 1 amu.
A proton is about 1840 times heavier than an electron. Its absolute mass is
1.67 x 10–24 g (or) 1.67 × 10–27 kg.
The Neutron:
Ø Neutron was discovered by Chadwick.
Ø Neutron is lightly heavier than (about 0.18%) proton.
e
Ø The value of neutron is zero as it does not possess any charge.
m
Ø The discovery of neutrons became late as it does not possess any charge.

Properties of Electrons, Protons and neutrons:
Name Absolute Relative Approx.

Symbol Mass/kg Mass/u
charge/C charge mass/u
Electron e -1.6023 × 10-19 -1 9.10939 × 10-31 0.00054 0
Proton p +1. 6023 × 10-19 +1 1.67262 × 10-27 1.00727 1
Neutron n 0 0 1.67493 × 10-27 1.00867 1
WORK SHEET - 1
Single Answer Type

1. The term ‘atom’ was given by:
1) Democritus 2) John Dalton
3) William Crookes 4) Maharishi Kanada
2. Dalton proposed:
1) Atomic model 2) Atomic theory
3) Both 1 and 2 4) None
3. Who among the following scientists, proved that, atom consists of small
indivisible particles called atoms:
1) John Dalton 2) William Crookes 3) J.J. Thomson 4) Goldstein
4. The idea of tiniest unit of matter (anu and paramanu) was propounded by
1) Demoerius 2) John Dalton
3) Widliam Crookes 4) Maharshi kanada
5. Atom is electriccally neutral because of:
1) The presence of protons 2) The presence of neutrons
3) The presence of equal number of protons and electrons
4) The presence of equal number of protons and neutrons
6. The electron is:
1)  -ray particle 2)  -ray particle
3) Hydrogen ion 4) Positron
7. Cathode rays are:
1) Protons 2) Electrons 3) Neutrons 4)  - particles
8. Cathode rays are made up of:
1) Positively charged particles 2) Negatively charged particles
3) Neutral particles 4) None of these
9. The e/m ratio is zero for:
1) Electron 2) Proton 3) Neutron 4) All
10. The mass of electron in amu is:
1) 5.4  10 8 2) 5.4  10 4 3) 5.4  10 3 4) 5.4  10 5

11. The mass of the electron is:
1) 1.76  10–23 kg 2) 1.67  10–24 kg
3) 9.11  10–28 kg 4) 9.11  10–31 kg

12. The lightest sub-atomic particle is:

1) Neutron 2) Meson 3) Electron 4) Proton
13. Which of the following are the characteristics of cathode rays?
R) Cathode rays caste shadow.
A) The characteristics of cathode rays depend upon the nature of electrodes.
Y) Cathode rays effected by electricc field.
S) The ratio of charge to mass i.e., charge/mass is different for different
gases.
1) R, S 2) R, A, Y 3) R, A, Y, S 4) R, Y
14. Protons are denoted by the symbol:
1) P0 2) P–2 3) +1p1 4) P
15. Thomson atomic model can explain only:

1) Existence of Nucleus 2) Electrical neutrality
3) Orbital concept 4) All the these
16. The nature of anode rays depends upon.
1) Nature of electrode 2) Nature of residual gas
3) Nature of discharge tube 4) All the above
17. The ratio of specific charge (e/m) of an electron to that of a hydrogen ion is:
1) 1 : 1 2) 1840 : 1 3) 1 : 1840 4) 2 : 1
18. The fundamental particles present in the nucleus of an atom are:
1) Alpha particles and electrons 2) Neutrons and protons
3) Neutrons and electrons 4) Electrons, neutrons and protons
Multi Answer Type

19. Which of the following is true according to Dalton’s atomic theory?
1) Matter consists of small indivisible particles called atoms.
2) Atoms of same element are alike in all respects.
3) Atoms combine in small whole numbers to form compound atoms
(molecules).
4) Atom is the smallest unit of matter which takes part in a chemical reaction.
20. Which one of the following is/are incorrect statement(s) about proton?
1) Proton is nucleus of deuterium
2) Proton is ionized hydrogen molecule
3) Proton is ionized hydrogen atom
4) Proton is a -particle

21. Select the correct statement(s):

1) Cathode rays have only charge but no mass.
2) Anode rays are deflected by electricc and magnetic field.
3) Canal rays is name for beam of electrons.
4) Anode rays do not originate from the anode.
Reasoning Answer Type

22. Statement I: Elements are made up of very small particles of matter called
atoms.
Statement II: Atoms combine in small whole number to form compound
(molecule).
1) Both Statements are true, Statement II is the correct explanation of
Statement I.
2) Both Statements are true, Statement II is not correct explanation of
Statement I.
3) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
4) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
23. Statement I: The first atomic theory was given by Dalton.
Statement II: According to Dalton, Atom is not the smallest particle that
takes part in chemical reaction.
Statement I.
Statement I.
24. Statement I: Cathode rays do not travel in straight lines.
Statement II: Cathode rays penetrate through thick sheetc.
Statement I.
Statement I.
Comprehension Type
Writeup-1
Atom is no longer indivisible, but consists of neutrons, protons and electrons.
25. The first atomic theory was proposed by:
1) Democritus 2) John Dalton 3) William crookes 4) J.J. Thomson
26. As the number of protons is equal to number of electrons in an atom, there
for it is:
1) Electrically positive 2) Electrically negative
3) Electrically neutral 4) None
27. who proposed that matter is made up of extremely small particles called
atoms?
1) Democritus 2) John Dalton 3) Maharshi kanada4) Neil Bohr
Writeup-2
Cathode rays consists of negatively charged material particles called
electrons. These electrons are fundamental sub atomic particles carrying
negative charge and having mass 9.1 × 10–31 kg. Discovered by J.J Thomson.
Charge to mass (e/m) ratio of an electron is 1.76 × 108 C/g. Charge to mass
(e/m) ratio for an proton is 9.55 × 104 C/g.
28. Particles in cathode rays have same charge to mass ratio as:
1)  - particles 2)  - particles
3)  - rays 4) Protons
29. The e/m ratio for proton is:
1) 1.76 × 108 C/g 2) 9.1 × 10–31 kg 3) 9.55 × 104 C/g 4) 9.55 × 104 kg
30. Which of the following particles has maximum charge to mass ratio?
1) Electrons 2) Protons
3)  - particles 4) Neutrons
Matrix Matching Type

31. Column-I Column-II
a) The idea of tiniest unit of matter 1) Nucleus
b) Nucleus consists of 2) Negative changed particles
c) Revolves around the nucleus 3) Maharshi kanada
d) Atom consists of 4) Protons and neutrons
5) Electron
a) e/m ratio of electron 1) G. J. Stoney
b) The charge of electron 2) William crooke
c) Cathode rays 3) J. J. Thomson
d) Cathode rays are named as electrons 4) R. A. Millikan
33. Column I Column II
a) Electron 1) Atom is electriccally neutral
b) Proton 2) Negative charge
c) Thomson model of atom 3) Positive charge
d) Mullikan’s oil drops experiment 4) Quantization of charge

SYNOPSIS - 2
Atomic model: Atomic model depects the systematic arrangement of fundamental
particles in the atom.
Thomsons atomic model:Thomson was the first to propose a detailed model of
the atom.He proposed that an atom consists of a uniform sphere of positive
electricity in which electrons are distributed more or less uniformly.This
model of an atom is known as the ‘plum-pudding model’ or ‘raisin
pudding model’ or ‘water melon model’.This model assumed that mass of
the atom is evently spread over the entire atom.This model could explain the
electrical neutrality of an atom but failed to explain the observations of
Rutherfords  -particle scattering experiment.
Positively Electron
Charged
sphere
E
Rutherford’s model of an atom or Rutherford   ray scattering experiment

Ø Rutherford proposed atom model based on   ray scattering experiment
Ø According to rutherford scattering of a narrow beam of   particles as they
passed through a thin gold foil and it is covered with fluorescent Zns (Zinc
sulphide) screen.
Ø When   particles struck the screen then a tiny flash of lights was produced
at that point.
Ø During the experiment most of   particles passes through the foil
undeflected.
Ø A small fraction of   particles were deflected by small angles.
Ø Some of these particles deviated slightly from their path. They were repelled
to a small extent by a positive charge. Very few of the particles, the ones at
the centre, almost retraced their path. This meant that they were strongly
repelled by a small positively charged body at the centre of the atom. This
positively charged body is called the nucleus.
Ø Since the electron has negligible mass, the mass of the atom is concentrated
in the nucleus.

Ø Rutherford also theorised that electrons revolve round the nucleus at large
distances from it.
Ø Rutherford estimated the diameter of the nucleus to be of the order of 10–13
cm and that of the atom to be of the order of 10–8 cm. Thus, the diameter of
the nucleus is about 105(= 1,00,000) times smaller than that of the atom.
Nucleus of atom
- particles
Rutherford’s explanation of - particle

scattering on the basis of his nuclear model
The electrons revolve round the nucleus in their own orbits, just like planets
around the sun in solar system. Hence this theory is also called Rutherford’s
planitary theory of an atom.
Nucleus
(Protons+neutrons)
Electron
Main points of this model are:

1. Most of the mass and all the positive charge of an atom is concentrated
in a very small region called nucleus. Size of the nucleus is extremely
small as compared with the size of the atom. Radius of the nucleus is
of the order of 10–5 m, whereas radius of atom is of the order of 10–10 m.
2. The positive charge on the nucleus is due to protons. The magnitude of
the charge on the nucleus is different for atoms of different elements.
3. The nucleus is surrounded by electrons which are revolving around it
at very high speeds. The electrostatic force of attraction between
electrons and the nucleus is balanced by the centrifugal force acting
on the revolving electrons.
4. Total negative charge on the electrons is equal to the total positive
charge on the nucleus so that atom on the whole is electrically neutral.

5. Most of the space inside an atom is empty.

Nuclear model of atom can be compared with the solar system. In an
atom electrons revolve around the nucleus in just the same way as the
planets revolve around the sun. Due to this comparison revolving
electrons are sometimes called planetary electrons and Rutherford’s
nuclear model of atom is known planetary model of atom.
Failure’s of Rutherford’s model:

Thus, Rutherford’s model failed to explain stability of atoms. It does not
explain the distribution of electrons around the nucleus and does not tell
us anything about their energies. Rutherford’s model also failed to explain
the existence of certain definite lines in the hydrogen spectrum.
WORK SHEET - 2
Single Answer Type

1. Mulliken’s oil drop experiment is used to find.
1) e/m ratio of an electron 2) Mass of an electron
3) Velocity of an electron 4) Charge of an electron

2. Rutherford’s atomic model of an atom is also called as:
1) Planetary 2) Solar model 3) Nuclear model 4) All of
these
3. Rutherford identified the existence of protons at the centre of the atom in
his experiment by:
1) The deflection of alpha particle 2) The absorption of alpha rays
3) The retention of alpha rays 4) None
4. Rutherford’s experiment on scattering of alpha particles showed that the
atom has:
1) Nucleus 2) Largely empty space
3) Both 1 and 2 4) None
Multi Answer Type

5. Which one of the following is true for Thomson’s model of the atom?
1) The radius of an electron can be calculated using this model.
2) In an undisturbed atom, the electrons will be at their equilibrium
positions, where the attraction between the cloud of positive charge
and the electrons balances their mutual repulsion.
3) When the electrons are disturbed by collision, they will vibrate around
their equilibrium positions and emit electromagnetic radiation. The
frequency of this radiation is of the order of magnitude of the frequency
of electromagnetic radiation, typical of these electrons.
4) It can explain the existence of protons.

6. The defects of Rutherford’s atomic model are:

1) Does not explain the stability of an atom
2) Does not explain the distribution of electron around the nucleus
3) It could not explain the line spectrum
4) None
7. Which of the following statement is/are correct for Rutherford experiment?
1) Electrons revolve around the nucleus at large distances from it.
2) Electron revolve around nucleus
3) The positively charged body is called nucleus
4) Rutherford model is also known as nuclear model of an atom.

8. Statement I: The charge to mass ratio (e/m) of an electron was determined
by J.J.Thomson to be 1.78 × l08 C/g.
Statement II: R.A.Millikan determined the charge of an electron to be1.6 ×
10–19 C.
Statement I.
Statement I.
9. Statement I: J.J. Thomson’s atomic model is water melon atomic model or
plum pudding model.
Statement II: By conducting alpha ray scattering experiment he gave his
atomic model.
Statement I.
Statement I.
10. Statement I:  -particles are emitted by radioactive elements.
Statement II: The mass of neutron is slightly more than that of proton.
Statement I.
Statement I.
11. Statement I: Alpha particle is the nuclei of helium atom.
Statement II: Helium nucleus consists of two protons and two neutrons.
Statement I.
Statement I.

Comprehension Type
Writeup-1:
According to the classical laws of mechanics or dynamics of physics, any
charged particle revolving around another charged particle should lose energy
continuously.
Hence electron revolving round the nucleus should lose energy and fall
inside the nucleus. But nucleus is found to be stable. Thus Rutherford’s
atomic model does not explain the stability of an atom. It could not explain
the distribution of electrons around the nucleus and does not tell us anything
about their energies. If the electron loses energy continuously, then the
atomic spectra should be continuous but it is discontinuous. Hence It could
not explain the line spectrum.
12. Rutherford atomic model does not obey:
1) Classical laws of electrodynamics. 2) Laws of electrolysis
3) Both 1 and 2 4) None of these
13. Rutherford’s atomic model could not explain.
1) Gaps present in the spectrum 2) Stability of the atom
3) Both 1 and 2 4) None of these
14. In Rutherford’s atomic model one of the defect is:
1) Comparison of atomic model with Solar system.
2) Comparision of atomic model with water melon.
3) Comparision of atomic model with Custard apple.
4) None of these.
Writeup-2:
The first concrete attempt to study the structure of an atom was made by
Rutherford
through his “alpha ray scattering experiment”.
15. Rutherford’s scattering experiments led to the discovery of :
1) Nucleus 2) Presence of neutrons in the nucleus
3) Both 1 and 2 4) Revolving nature of electrons around the
nucleus
16. In Rutherford’s  -ray scattering experiment, which of the following does
not happen?
1) Most of the  -rays passed through without deflection.
2) A few  -particles pass through the nucleus.
3) A few  -particles are deflected back.
4)  -particles going near the nucleus are slightly deflected.
17. Deflection back of a few particles on hitting thin foil of gold shows that:
1) Nucleus is heavy
2) Nucleus is small
3) Both 1 and 2
4) Electrons create hindrance in the movement of  -particles.


a) Nucleus 1) (1.33 × 10–13) A 13
b) Neutron 2) p + n
c) Radius of the nucleus 3) Chadwick
d) Atomic weight 4) Rutherford
5) Goldstein
SYNOPSIS - 3
Atomic number:
In 1913, H.G.J. Moseley devised an experiment to find out positive change
on the nucleus of an atom. The number of unit positive charges on the
nucleus of an atom of the element is called atomic number of the element.
Atomic number is also equal to the number of electrons in an atom of the
element. Thus atomic number of an element is equal to the number of
protons in the nucleus of its atom or the number of extra nuclear electrons.
Generally, it is denoted by the letter Z.
Atomic number (Z) = Number of protons
= Number of electrons.
Mass number:
Protons and neutrons are collectively called nucleons. Total number of protons
and neutrons in the nucleus is called mass number of the atom. It is generally
represented by the letter A.
Mass number (A) = Number of protons + Number of neutrons
= Number of nucleons.
Isotopes, Isobars and Isotones:
Isotopes of an element are the atoms of the element with same atomic
number but different mass numbers. For example, hydrogen has three
isotopes, protium (H), deuterium (D) and tritium (T). All the three isotopes
have atomic number 1, however, their mass numbers are 1,2 and 3
respe ctively. The three isotope s of carbon are represe nted as
12
6 C, 13
6 C and
14
6 C.
The atoms of different elements which have same mass number are called
14
isobars. For example, 6 C and 14
7 N
are isobars.
Isotones may be defined as the atoms of different elements containing same
number of neutrons.
For example, 13 14
6 C and 7 N
. For isotones, the difference of mass number and
atomic number is same.
Isodiaphers: The atoms of the different elements which contain same number
of A–2Z are Isodiaphers.
Examples: 9F19 and 11Na 23

Calculation of number of electrons, protons and neutrons:

For example, atomic number and mass number of aluminium are 13 and 27
respectively. Number of electrons, protons and neutrons in an atom of it can
be calculated as under:
Number of protons =Atomic number = 13
Number of electrons =Atomic number = 13
Number of neutrons = Mass numbert - Atomic number
= 27-13 = 14.
For example, Mg ion is formed by the removal of two electrons from Mg
2+
atom.
Mg – 2e–  Mg2+
Therefore, Mg2+ ion has two electrons less than the number of electrons in
Mg atom. Knowing that the atomic number and mass number of Mg are 12
and 24, respectively , the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in Mg2+
ions may be calculated as under:
Number of electrons =Atomic number - 2 = 10
= 24 - 12 = 12.
P + 3e–  P3–
Knowing that atomic number of phosphorus is 15 and mass number is 31,
the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in phosphide ion may be
calculated as under:
Number of electrons =Atomic number + 3 = 18
= 31-15 = 16.
SHELLS OF AN ATOM
The electrons revolve around the nucleus of the atom. The actual path the
electron takes while revolving around the nucleus is called its orbit or shell.
The orbit of an electron is the region around the nucleus in which it revolves.
1. The shells closest to the atom in the first shell called K-shell and can
have a maximum of 2 electrons.
2. The shell next to the K-shell is the second shell called the L-shell and
can have a maximum of 8 electrons.
3. The shell next to the L-shell is the third shell called the M-shell and
4. The shell next to the M-shell is the fourth shell called the N-shell and
The maximum number of electrons in an orbit is fixed and is given by the
formula 2n 2 , where n is the number of the shell.

Maximum number number (n)

Orbit Shell name Of electrons  2n 2 
1 K-shell 2
2 L-shell 8
3 M-shell 18
4 N-shell 32
5 O-shell 50
The first shell is closest to the nucleus and can hold a maximum of 2
electrons. The second shell is the next shell and can hold a maximum of 8
electrons. The third shell is the next shell and can hold a maximum of 18
electrons.
WORK SHEET - 3
Single Answer Type

1. The atoms of an element which have the same atomic number but different
mass numbers are called:
1) Isobars 2) Isotopes 3) Isodiaphers 4) Isotones
2. Number of neutrons in the three isotopes of hydrogen (H, D, T) respectively
are:
1) 0, 1, 2 2) 1, 2, 3 3) 1, 1, 1 4) 0, 0, 0
3. Choose the correct representation of carbon isotopes.
1
1) 4C
, 14
6 C
, 12
5 C
2) 12
6 C
, 13
6 C
, 14
6 C
11
3) 3 C
, 14
4 C
, 12
7 C
4) 10
2 C
, 16
2 C
, 14
7 C
4. If the atomic weight of an element is 23 times that of the lightest element

and it has 11 protons, then it contains:
1) 11 protons, 23 neutrons, 11 electrons
5. The mass number of an atom A is 16 and its atomic number is 8.
Find the number of neutrons?
1) 16 2) 32 3) 8 4) 2
6. The atomic number of sodium element is:
1) 12 2) 14 3) 23 4) 11
7. W, X, Y, Z are 4 elements. Which among them are related to each other as
isotopes.
230
91
W; 235
92
X; 236
93
Y; 238
92
Z.
1) 235
92
X, 238
92
Z 2) 230
91
W, 238
92
Z 3) 238
92
Z, 230
93
Y 4) 230
91
W, 238
92
Z

Multi Answer Type

8. Choose the correct statement/s:
1) The number of protons in all the isotopes of an element is the same.
A
2) The nuclide symbol is expressed as Z X
3) The isotopes of an element have same number of neutrons
4) The electronic configuration of all the isotopes of same element is same.
9. Which of the following is correct statement?
1) The atoms of the different elements which contain same number of A –
2Z are isodiaphers
2) The atoms of different elements containing same number of neutrons is
isotones.
3) 8O16, 8O17, 8O18 are isotones.
4) The electronic configuration of carbon is 2, 4.

10. Statement I: The two defining characteristics of an element are its atomic
number and its mass number.
Statement II: The mass number of all the atoms of an element is always
the same.
Statement I.
Statement I.
11. Statement I: The atoms of different elements containing same mass
number are known as isobars.
Statement II: Cl 17
35
represents atomic number is 17 and mass number is
35.
Statement I.
Statement I.
12. Statement I: The neutrons present in aluminium atom are 14.
Statement II: The mass number of potassium is 40.
Statement I.
Statement I.

Comprehension Type
The atoms of same element having different number of neutrons or the
atoms of same element having same atomic number but different mass
number are Isotopes.
The atoms of different elements containing same mass number are known
as isobars.
The atoms of different elements containing same number of neutrons are
Isotones.
The atoms of the different elements which contain same number of A–2Z
are Isodiaphers.
13. Identify the correct example for Isodiaphers:
1) 9F19 and 11Na23 2) 9F19 and 19K39
3) 19K and 11Na
39 23
4) All of these
14. Identify the correct set of an example for Isotopes:
1) 1H1, 1H2, 1H3 2) 8O16, 8O17, 9O18
3) 8C12, 6C14 4) 92U235, 93U236
15. Isotones have same:
1) Atomic number 2) Mass number
3) Number of neutrons 4) Number of electrons

a) Isotopes 1) Proton + Neutrons
b) Isobars 2) Same mass number different atomic number
c) Nucleons 3) Same atomic number different mass number
d) Isotones 4) Differ in number of electrons and proton but same no.of
neutrons
5) Proton or electron
SYNOPSIS - 4
VALENCY ELECTRONS
The electrons in an atom are distributed in the shell sof an atom. The last
shell electrons play an important role while combining with other atoms.
The last shell of an atom is called its valency shell.
The electrons in the valence shell are called valence electrons.
The valence electrons take part in chemical reactions.
The number of valence electrons determines the chemical reactivity of the
element.

NUCLEONS
Nucleons are all the particles present in the nucleus of an atom. The most
important nucleons are the protons and neutrons as they are responsible
for the mass of the atom. There are several other particles like mesons in
the nucleus.
REPRESENTING AN ELEMENT
The Atomic number and Mass number of an element are very important
physical quantities that are referred to frequently. To make it easier they
are written using special notations.
An element is represented using its symbol with Atomic number as a subscript
and Mass number as superscript.
z X A where X denotes the element,

Z its Atomic number
and A its mass number.
Example: 17 Cl 35
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF ELEMENTS (BOHR-BURY RULES)
Electronic configuration of an atom shows the actual way in which the
electrons are distributed in the shells.
Bohr-Bury rules of electronic configuration
a) The electrons revolve in orbits around the nucleus of the atom.
b) The centre of the atom consists of the nucleus with the nucleons (protons
and neutrons) in it.
c) The orbits are numbered from the centre outward. The first orbit closest
to the nucleus is numbered as 1 and is denoted as the K-shell. The
next is numbered as 1 and is denoted as the K-shell. The next is
numbered as 2 and is denoted as the L-shell. The next with number 4
is denoted as the N-shell and so on.
d) The maximum number of electrons in an orbit is given by 2n 2 where n
is the number of the orbit. The first orbit can have a maximum of 2
electrons, the second orbit a maximum of 8 electrons, the third a
maximum of 18 electrons and so on. The last orbit however irrespective
of its number cannot have more than 8 electrons.
e) The maximum number of electrons in the outermost shell cannot exceed
8 and in the second last shell 18, irrespective of the shell number.
f) It is not necessary that the last orbit should be filled with electrons for
the next orbit to start filling - a new orbit starts filling as soon as the
last orbit gets 8 electrons. (For example the maximum number of
electrons in the 3rd shell is 18. But the fourth shell starts filling as
soon as the 3rd shell has 8 electrons.

The number of electrons, protons and neutrons in some atoms
Atomic Mass Number of particles

Element Symbol number number Electrons Protons Neutrons
(Z) (A) (Z) (Z) (A - Z)
Geometric representation of oxygen atom [ 8O 16]

Mass number of oxygen (A) = 16
Atomic number of oxygen (Z) = 8
 Number of protons = Z = 8
 Number of electrons = No. of protons = 8
 Number of neutrons = A – Z = 16 – 8 = 8
And the electrons in the first shell = 2 [K-shell]
Remaining electrons in second shell = (8 – 2) = 6 [L - shell]
So, the geometric structure of oxygen atom is:

L-Shell six electrons

K-Shell two electrons
 The number of electrons = 8
GEOMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF SOME ELEMENTS

No. of Electronic Geometric
No.of No. of
Element protons - Z configuration representation of
neutrons A – Z electrons
atomic structure
Sulphur 32
16 S 32  16  16 16 16 2, 8, 6, ....
Chlorine 32
17 C 35  17  18 17 17 2, 8, 7, ....
Potassium 39
19 K 39  19  20 19 19 2, 8, 8,1 ....
Calcium 40
20 Ca 40  20  20 20 20 2, 8, 8, 2 ....
Flourine 19
9 F 19  9  10 9 9 2, 7 ....
20
Neon 10 Ne 20  10  10 10 10 2, 8....
Sodium 23
11 Na 23  11  12 11 11 2, 8,1....
Aluminium 27
13 A 27  13  14 13 13 2, 8, 3....

No. of Electronic Geometric

No.of No. of
Element protons - Z configuration representation of
neutrons A – Z electrons
atomic structure
Hydrogen 11H 11  0 1 1 1, ....
Helium 24 He 42 2 2 2 2,...
Carbon 12
6 C 12  6  6 6 6 2, 4,....
Nitrogen 14
7 N 14  7  7 7 7 2, 5,....
Oxygen 16
8 O 16  8  8 8 8 2, 6,....
WORK SHEET - 4
Single Answer Type

1. Nucleus of an atom consists of:
1) Proton and electron 2) Electron and neutron
3) Protons and Neutrons 4) Electrons protons neutrons
2. If Pauli’s exclusion principle is not known, the electronic arrangement of
lithium atom is:
1) 1s2 2s1 2) 1s1 2s2 3) 1s3 4) 1s2 2s1 2p1
3. The electronic configuration of Li atom is:
1) 1s2 2s2 2) 1s2 3) 1s2 2s1 4) 1s2 2s1 2p1
4. Electronic configuration of H atom is:
1) 1s1 2) 1s2 3) 1s2 2s1 4) 1s2 2s2
5. The electronic configuration of an element is 1s 2s 2p . Identify the element.
2 2 6
1) O 2) B 3) Ne 4) Mg
6. The correct electronic configuration of chromium (atomic number - 24) is:
1) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s1, 3d5 2) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d6
3) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d6, 4s2 4) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p5, 3d5, 4s2

7. The electronic configuration of zinc is:

1) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3p6 4s2 3d5 2) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d9
3) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
2 2 6 2 6 2 10
4) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10
8. The element whose electronic configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 is:
1) Metal 2) Metalloid 3) Inert gas 4) Non-metal
9. The electronic configuration of an element is 1s 2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d8.
What is the atomic number of that element?
1) 27 2) 26 3) 30 4) 28
Multi Answer Type

1) F – electronic configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p5
2) Si – electronic configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
3) Cl – electronic configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
4) Co – electronic configuration is [Ar] 4s23d7

11. Statement I: The electronic configuration of carbon can be written as
1s 2 2s 2 2p1x 2p1y .
Statement II: The electronic configuration of nitrogen is 1s 2 2s 2 2p1x 2p1y 2p1z .

Statement I.
Statement I.
12. Statement I: The electronic configuration of aluminium is [Ne] 3s2 3p1.
Statement II: The electronic configuration of vanadium is [Ar] 4s2 3d3.
Statement I.
Statement I.
13. Statement I: The atomic of Cr is 24.
Statement II: Electronic configuration of Cu is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10
Statement I.
Statement I.

Comprehension Type
Knowing the mass and atomic number of an element we can easily represents
its geometric structure.
24
14. The number of protons present in 12 Mg is:
1) 12 2) 24 3) 36 4) 26
15. The number of neutrons in magnesium is:
1) 24 2) 12 3) 36 4) 20
16. The electrons present in first shell
1) 2 2) 8 3) 16 4) 32

a) K shell 1) 3s, 3p
b) L shell 2) 4s 4p
c) M shell 3) 2s 2p
d) N shell 4) 1s
Element Electronic
a) Fe 1) [Ne] 3s2 3p5
b) Cl 2) [Ne] 3s2 3p4
c) S 3) [Ne] 3s2 3p3
d) P 4) [Ar] 4s2 3d6
5) [Ar] 4s2 3d4
Element Atomic number
a) K 1) 26
b) V 2) 25
c) Mn 3) 19
d) Fe 4) 23
5) 28
Electronic configuration Number of valance electrons
a) 1s 2s 2p
2 2 3
p) 7
b) 1s2 2s2 2p5 q) 5
c) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 r) 6
d) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 s) 1

SYNOPSIS - 5
 PAULI’S EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE
Ø No two electrons in the same atom can have the same values for all the
four quantum numbers.
Ø Each electron in an atom is designated by a set of four quantum numbers.
Ø An orbital accommodates two electrons with opposite spin: These two
electrons have same values of principal, azimuthal and magnetic quantum
number but the forth, i.e., spin quantum number will be different.
Example:
N  z  7   1s 2 2s 2 2 p3
 1s 2 2 s 2 2 p1x 2 p1y 2 p1z
   
Principal quantum number (n) = 1 2 2 2 2

Azimutal quantum number (l) = 0 0 1 1 1
Magnetic quantum number (m) = 0 0 +1 -1 0
1 1
2 2
Spin quantum number (s) = 1 1
1
2
1
2
1
2
2 2
 AUFBAU PRINCIPLE :
Ø The subshell with minimum energy is filled up first and when this obtains
maximum quota of electrons, then thenext subshell of higher energy
starts filling”.
Ø Electron filling follows energy ranking.
Ø The energy value of an orbital increases as its  n  l  value increases.
Ø If two orbitals have the same value for  n  l  , the orbital having lower n
value is first filled.
Ø The sequence in which the various subshells are filled in the following

HUND’S RULE:
Orbitals of the same kind should be half filled before electron pairing
takes place.
Orbitals having the same values for n and l are called degenerate orbitals.
Unpaired electrons have parallel spin.
Half filled and completely filled degenerate orbitals give greater stability
to atoms.
Chromium (Z = 24) and copper (Z = 29) have anomalous electronic
configuration due to this reason.
Electronic configuration of chromium atom is 1s 2 2s2 2p6 3s23p6 3d5
4s1 but not 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d4 4s2.

WORK SHEET - 5
Single Answer Type

1. Any p-orbital can accommodate upto:
1) Four electrons 2) Two electrons with parallel spins
3) Six electrons 4) Two electrons with opposite spins
2. The order of filling various sublevels with electrons is the order of their
energies. This is:
1) Auf-bau principle 2) Pauli’s principle
3) Hund’s rule 4) nl× principle
3. The orbital diagram in which the aufbau principle is violated is:
2s 2p 2s 2p
1)     2)    
2s 2p 2s 2p
3)     4)    
2 2 1 1 1
4. The electronic configuration of nitrogen is 1s 2s 2p x 2p y 2Pz . This is in
accordance with
1) Aufbau principle 2) Pauli’s rule
3) Hund’s rule 4) Bohr Bury principle
5. The presence of five unpaired electrons in 3d orbitals of manganese atom is
according to
1) Pauli’s principle 2) Hund’s rule 3) Aufbau principle 4) de-Broglie’s
theory
6. The fact that the two electrons in an orbital must have opposite spins is
deduced from?
1) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity
2) Pauli’s exclusion principle
3) Aufbau’s rule
4) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
7. The principle which excludes the possibility of presence of a third electron
in an orbital is:
1) Aufbau rule 2) Hund’s rule
3) Pauli’s exclusion principle 4) None of these
8. Any p-orbital can accommodate upto:
1) Four electrons 2) Two electrons with parallel spins
3) Six electrons 4) Two electrons with opposite
spins
9. The order of filling various sublevels with electrons is the order of their
energies. This is:
1) Auf-bau principle 2) Pauli’s principle
3) Hund’s rule 4) nl× principle
10. The increasing order of energy of the orbitals 1s, 2s and 2p is:
1) 2p < 2s < 1s 2) 2s < 2p < 1s 3) 1s < 2s < 2p 4) 2p > 3d > 4s
11. The orbital diagram in which the aufbau principle is violated is:
2s 2p 2s 2p
1)     2)    
2s 2p 2s 2p
3)     4)    
12. Aufbau principle fails to explain the configuration of element with atomic
number.
1) 18 2) 21 3) 24 4) 27
13. According to Aufbau’s principle, which of the three 4d, 5p and 5s orbitals
will be filled with electrons first?
1) 4d 2) 5p
3) 5s 4) 4d and 5s will be filled simultaneously
14. The atomic orbitals are progressively filled in the order of the increasing
energy’. This statement is known as:
1) Hund’s rule 2) Exclusion principle
3) Aufbau rule 4) de-Broglie rule
15. The electronic configuration of nitrogen is 1s 2 2s 2 2p1x 2p1y 2Pz1. This is in
accordance with
1) Aufbau principle 2) Pauli’s rule
3) Hund’s rule 4) Bohr Bury principle
16. The presence of five unpaired electrons in 3d orbitals of manganese atom
is according to
1) Pauli’s principle 2) Hund’s rule
3) Aufbau principle 4) de-Broglie’s theory
17. If Pauli’s exclusion principle is not known, the electronic arrangement of
lithium atom is:
1) 1s2 2s1 2) 1s1 2s2 3) 1s3 4) 1s2 2s1 2p1
18. Nitrogen, phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth atoms have s
unpaired electrons in their p-orbitals because of:
1) Pauli’s principle 2) Hund’s rule
3) Aufbau principle 4) All the above
19. Nitrogen has the electronic configuration 1s 2 2s 2 2p1x 2p1y 2p1z and not
1s 2 2s 2 2p2x 2p1y 2p0z . This is determined by:
1) Aufbau principle 2) Pauli exclusion principle
3) Hund’s rule 4) Uncertainty principle

20. The fact that the two electrons in an orbital must have opposite spins is
deduced from?
1) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity
2) Pauli’s exclusion principle
3) Aufbau’s rule
4) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
21. The principle which excludes the possibility of presence of a third electron
in an orbital is:
1) Aufbau rule 2) Hund’s rule
3) Pauli’s exclusion principle 4) None of these
22. Which of the following is the correct statement?
1) In pauli’s principle, there is room for only two electrons in an orbital and
they should have opposite spins.
2) In an atom if electrons have same n, l and m values they must differ in
spin quantum number.
3) The order of filling the different orbitals in 9 sub energy level is governed
by Hund’s rule.
4) Pairing of electrons take place in a sub-shell only after all the orbitals
are singly filled.
23. Which of the following is correct statement
1) K-shell can accommodate 2 electrons
2) Maximum number of electrons in L-shell is 6 electrons
3) Maximum number of electrons, accommodated in N-shell is 32 electrons
4) Maximum number of electrons, accommodated in M-shell is 18 electrons
24. Based on what principle(s), the electronic configuration of any atom depends?
1) Pauli’s exclusion 2) Hunds rule
3) Aufbau’s principle 4) None of these
Multi Answer Type

1) Electronic configuration of atoms is based on certain rules like (n + l)
values.
2) Among 3d and 4s electrons occupy 4s first
3) When two or more sub-levels with same (n + l) value are available,
electrons enter that sub-level which has least ‘n’ value.
4) Among 3d, 4p and 5s; electrons enter 3d first followed by 4p, than 5s.
26. The orbital with relative energy 5
1) 5p 2) 5s 3) 4p 4) 3d

27. Which of the following is correct statement

1) K-shell can accommodate 2 electrons
2) Maximum number of electrons in L-shell is 6 electrons
3) Maximum number of electrons, accommodated in N-shell is 32 electrons
4) Maximum number of electrons, accommodated in M-shell is 18 electrons

28. Statement I: 1s orbital possesses lower energy than 2s orbital.
Statement II: Pauli’s exclusion principle states that an orbital can have
maximum of two electrons and these must have opposite spins.
Statement I.
Statement I.
29. Statement I: The increasing order of energy of the orbitals is 1s<2s<2p.
Statement II: Electrons occupy orbitals with high energy first.
1. Both Statements are true, Statement II is the correct explanation of
Statement I.
2. Both Statements are true, Statement II is not correct explanation of
Statement I.
3. Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
4. Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
30. Statement I: The arrangement of electrons in the atomic orbitals is based
on the increasing order of their energy
Statement II: Moeller’s diagram is necessary to write electronic
configuration.
Statement I.
Statement I.
31. Statement I: When two or more sub-levels with same (n + l) value are
available, electrons enter the sub level which has least n
values.
Statement II: Among 3d and 4s electrons, electron occupy 4s level first.
Statement I.
Statement I.

32. Statement I: 1s orbital possesses lower energy than 2s orbital.

Statement II: Pauli’s exclusion principle states that an orbital can have
maximum of two electrons and these must have
opposite spins.
Statement I.
Statement I.
33. Statement I: The electronic configuration of carbon can be written as
1s 2 2s 2 2p1x 2p1y .
Statement II: The electronic configuration of nitrogen is
2 2 1 1 1
1s 2s 2p 2p 2p .
x y z

Statement I.
Statement I.
Comprehension Type
Writeup-1
Pairing of electrons take place in a sub - shell only after all the orbitals are
singly filled.
In p sub - level pairing of electrons take place with 4th electron according to
Hund’s rule.
Similarly pairing of electrons starts with 6th electron and 8th electron in d
and f sub - levels respectively.
34. The orbital diagram, in which both Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s
rule are violated?
2s 2p
1) 2) 3) 4)
35. Quantum numbers of an atom can be defined on the basis of
1) Hund’s rule 2) Aufbau’s principle
3) Pauli’s exclusion principle 4) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
36. The electronic configuration in the valence shell of silicon is:
3s 3p
   
The rule violated is:
1) Auf-bau principle 2) Paul’s rule 3) Hund’s rule 4) All

Writeup-2
Electrons occupy orbitals with lower energy first. Electronic Configuration
is a representation of the occupation of electrons in the orbitals in the
increasing order of their energies.
37. Which of the following represent the energy of the orbital?
1) n + l 2) n – l 3) l + m 4) n + s
38. Which of the following has more energy?
1) 1s 2) 2s 3) 3p 4) 3d
39. No two electrons in an atom can have:
1) The same principal quantum numbers only .
2) The azimuthal quantum numbers only .
3) The same magnetic quantum numbers only .
4) An identical set of four quantum numbers.
Writeup-3
Pairing of electrons take place in a sub - shell only after all the orbitals
are singly filled.
In p sub - level pairing of electrons take place with 4 th electron according
to Hund’s rule.
Similarly pairing of electrons starts with 6 th electron and 8th electron in d
and f sub - levels respectively.
40. The orbital diagram, in which both Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s
rule are violated?
2s 2p
1) 2) 3) 4 )
41. Quantum numbers of an atom can be defined on the basis of

1) Hund’s rule 2) Aufbau’s principle
3) Pauli’s exclusion principle 4) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
42. The electronic configuration in the valence shell of silicon is:
3s 3p
   
The rule violated is:
1) Auf-bau principle 2) Paul’s rule 3) Hund’s rule
4) All

Element Electronic configuration
a) Calcium 1) 2, 8, 6
b) Sodium 2) 2, 8, 3
c) Sulphur 3) 2, 8, 8, 2
d) Aluminium 4) 2, 8, 1
5) 2, 7


a) The electrons of same orbital differ 1) Aufbau principle
is s value
b) Order of orbitals is 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s 2) 32 electrons
filled sub level
c) Electronic configuration 3) Pauli’s exclusion principle
2 2 1 1
1s 2s 2p 2p x y
d) Maximum number of electrons in N=shell 4) Hund’s rule

5) 16 electrons
a) s 1) Number of electrons
b) p 2) 14 electrons
c) d 3) 2 electrons
d) f 4) 10 electrons
5) 6 electrons
a) K shell 1) 3s, 3p
b) L shell 2) 4s 4p
c) M shell 3) 2s 2p
d) N shell 4) 1s
5) 4d
(n + l value)
a) l = 0 1) 2s = 2 + 0 = 2
2p = 2 + 1 = 3
b) l = 0 2) 1s = 1 + 0 = 1
l =1
c) l = 0 3) 4s  4  0  4
l =1 4p  4  1  5
l =2
4d  4  2  6
4f  4  3  7
d) l  0 4) 3s  3  0  3
l 1 3p  3  1  4
l 2 3d  3  2  5
l 3
5) 1s = 1 + 1 = 2

WORK SHEET – 1 (KEY)

1) 1 2) 2 3) 1 4) 4 5) 3
6) 2 7) 2 8) 2 9) 3 10) 2
11) 4 12) 3 13) 4 14) 3 15) 2
16) 2 17) 2 18) 2 19) 1,2,3,4 20) 1,2,3
21) 2,3 22) 2 23) 3 24) 4 25) 2
26) 3 27) 2 28) 2 29) 3 30) 3
31) A-3 32) A-2 33) A-2

B-1,4 B-4 B-3
C-2,5 C-3 C-1
D-1,2,4,5 D-1 D-4

1) 4 2) 4 3) 1 4) 3 5) 1,3
6) 1,2,3 7) 1,2,3,4 8) 2 9) 3 10) 2
11) 1 12) 1 13) 3 14) 1 15) 1
16) 2 17) 3 18) A-4,2

B-3
C-1,4
D-2


1) 2 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3 5) 3
6) 4 7) 1 8) 1,2,4 9) 1,2,4 10) 3
11) 2 12) 4 13) 1 14) 1 15) 3
16) A-3
B-2
C-1
D-4

1) 2 2) 3 3) 3 4) 1 5) 3
6) 1 7) 3 8) 1 9) 4 10) 1,2,3,4
11) 2 12) 2 13) 2 14) 1 15) 2
16) 1 17) A-4 18) A-4 19) A-3 20) A-2

B-3 B-1 B-4 B-1
C-1 C-2 C-2 C-4
D-2,5 D-3 D-1 D-3


1) 1 2) 3 3) 2 4) 3 5) 2
6) 2 7) 3 8) 4 9) 1 10) 3
11) 2 12) 3 13) 3 14) 3 15) 3
16) 2 17) 3 18) 2 19) 3 20) 2
21) 3 22) 1,2,3,4 23) 1,3,4 24) 1,2,3 25) 1,2,3
26) 2,3,4 27) 1,2,3,4 28) 2 29) 3 30) 2
31) 2 32) 2 33) 2 34) 1 35) 3
36) 3 37) 1 38) 4 39) 4 40) 1
41) 3 42) 3 43) A-3 44) A-3 45) A-3

B-4 B-1 B-5
C-1 C-4 C-4
D-2 D-2 D-2
46) A-4 47) A-2

B-3 B-1
C-1 C-4
D-2,5 D-3

Atomic Structure

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE CHEMISTRY

VII Class - Chemistry 136

In this connection, in 1803, an English chemist, John Dalton, put forward

137 VII Class - Chemistry

VII Class - Chemistry 138

139 VII Class - Chemistry

Properties of Electrons, Protons and neutrons:

Name Absolute Relative Approx.

Single Answer Type

1) 5.4  10 8 2) 5.4  10 4 3) 5.4  10 3 4) 5.4  10 5

VII Class - Chemistry 140

12. The lightest sub-atomic particle is:

15. Thomson atomic model can explain only:

Multi Answer Type

141 VII Class - Chemistry

21. Select the correct statement(s):

Reasoning Answer Type

Matrix Matching Type

143 VII Class - Chemistry

Rutherford’s model of an atom or Rutherford   ray scattering experiment

VII Class - Chemistry 144

Rutherford’s explanation of - particle

Main points of this model are:

145 VII Class - Chemistry

5. Most of the space inside an atom is empty.

Failure’s of Rutherford’s model:

Single Answer Type

3) Velocity of an electron 4) Charge of an electron

Multi Answer Type

VII Class - Chemistry 146

6. The defects of Rutherford’s atomic model are:

Reasoning Answer Type

147 VII Class - Chemistry

VII Class - Chemistry 148

Matrix Matching Type

149 VII Class - Chemistry

Calculation of number of electrons, protons and neutrons:

VII Class - Chemistry 150

Maximum number number (n)

Single Answer Type

4. If the atomic weight of an element is 23 times that of the lightest element

151 VII Class - Chemistry

Multi Answer Type

Reasoning Answer Type

VII Class - Chemistry 152

Matrix Matching Type

153 VII Class - Chemistry

z X A where X denotes the element,

VII Class - Chemistry 154

The number of electrons, protons and neutrons in some atoms

Atomic Mass Number of particles

Geometric representation of oxygen atom [ 8O 16]

155 VII Class - Chemistry

L-Shell six electrons

GEOMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF SOME ELEMENTS

VII Class - Chemistry 156

No. of Electronic Geometric

Hydrogen 11H 11  0 1 1 1, ....

Helium 24 He 42 2 2 2 2,...