EMILIO AG U I NA L DO ,

G UNI T A NG H I M A S I K A N”
“ MGA
 INTRODUCTION
IN 1899 BY PHILIPPINE REVOLUTIONARY AND EMERGENT LEADER,
EMILIO AGUINALDO. AFTER THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR, THE UNITED
STATES COULD RIGHTFULLY ACQUIRE THE PHILIPPINES RATHER THAN
LIBERATING THE PEOPLE FROM SPANISH DOMINION. AGUINALDO
DETAILS WITH ADMIRAL DEWEY THAT ALLIED PHILIPPINE
INDEPENDENCE LEADERS IN BATTLE AGAINST SPAIN. PHILIPPINE
FREEDOM FIGHTERS WERE BROUGHT OUT OF EXILE AND ARMED BY THE
U.S. GOVERNMENT TO HELP OVERTHROW SPANISH DOMINION.
ACCORDING TO AGUINALDO, THESE PROMISES WERE NOT KEPT, AND
AMERICA ENTERED UPON A PHASE OF COLONIAL EXPANSION - HOTLY
CONTESTED BY MANY IN CONGRESS AT THE TIME.
 IN CLOSING, AGUINALDO DIRECTLY APPEALS TO THE AMERICAN PUBLIC FOR
RECONSIDERATION WITH THE FOLLOWING PLEA: "IF THERE IS, AS I BELIEVE, ONE
GOD, THE ROOT AND FOUNTAIN OF ALL JUSTICE AND ONLY ETERNAL JUDGE OF
INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES . . . OH, SENSIBLE AMERICAN PEOPLE! DEEP IS THE
ADMIRATION OF ALL THE PHILIPPINE PEOPLE AND OF THEIR UNTRAINED ARMY OF
THE COURAGE DISPLAYED BY YOUR COMMANDERS AND SOLDIERS. WE ARE WEAK IN
COMPARISON WITH SUCH TITANIC INSTRUMENTS OF YOUR GOVERNMENT'S
AMBITIOUS CAESARIAN POLICY AND FIND IT DIFFICULT TO EFFECTIVELY RESIST
THEIR COURAGEOUS ONSLAUGHT. LIMITED ARE OUR WARLIKE RESOURCES, BUT WE
WILL CONTINUE THIS UNJUST, BLOODY, AND UNEQUAL STRUGGLE, NOT FOR THE
LOVE OF WAR—WHICH WE ABHOR—BUT TO DEFEND OUR INCONTROVERTIBLE
RIGHTS OF LIBERTY AND INDEPENDENCE (SO DEARLY WON IN WAR WITH SPAIN) AND
OUR TERRITORY WHICH IS THREATENED BY THE AMBITIONS OF A PARTY THAT IS
TRYING TO SUBJUGATE US."
• HE AND HIS CONTEMPORARY RENATO CONSTANTINO WERE AMONG THE
FIRST FILIPINO HISTORIANS WHO EARNED RENOWN FOR PROMOTING A
DISTINCTLY NATIONALIST POINT OF VIEW OF FILIPINO HISTORY
(NATIONALIST HISTORIOGRAPHY). HE WAS ALSO AN ESSAYIST AND A POET.

• BORN IN LEMERY, BATANGAS, AGONCILLIO OBTAINED A BACHELOR'S DEGREE

IN PHILOSOPHY FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES IN 1934 AND A
MASTER'S DEGREE IN THE ARTS FROM THE SAME UNIVERSITY THE
FOLLOWING YEAR.

• BORN IN LEMERY, BATANGAS, AGONCILLIO OBTAINED A BACHELOR'S DEGREE

IN PHILOSOPHY FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES IN 1934 AND A
MASTER'S DEGREE IN THE ARTS FROM THE SAME UNIVERSITY THE
FOLLOWING YEAR.

• THE STORY OF BONIFACIO AND THE KATIPUNAN, THE STORY OF BONIFACIO

AND THE KATIPUNAN,
 HIS WORKS:
THE REVOLT OF THE MASSES - (A BIOGRAPHY OF
ANDRES BONIFACIO)
MALOLOS CRISIS OF THE REPUBLIC - (SEQUEL TO
REVOLT OF THE MASSES WHICH DISCUSSES THE
EVENTS FROM BIAK-NA-BATO TO THE END OF THE
PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR) 
THE FATEFUL YEARS - (PHILIPPINE HISTORY
DURING WORLD WAR II) 
THE HISTORY OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE
TEODORO A. AGONCILLO (
NOVEMBER 9, 1912 – JANUARY 14, 1985)
  He was born on March 22, 1869
Cavite El Viejo, Spanish East Indies (now Kawit,
Cavite, Philippines)
 His Spouses are Hilaria del Rosario (1877–1921)
and María Agoncillo (1882–1963)
 He is the son of Carlos Jamir Aguinaldo and
Trinidad Famy-Aguinaldo, a Tagalog Chinese
mestizo
 his father, Carlos J. Aguinaldo was the community's
appointed gobernadorcillo (municipal governor) in
the Spanish colonial administration and his
grandparents Eugenio K. Aguinaldo and Maria
Jamir-Aguinaldo
EMILIO AGUINALDO
 HE STUDIED AT COLEGIO DE SAN JUAN DE
LETRAN BUT WASN'T ABLE TO FINISH HIS
STUDIES DUE TO OUTBREAK OF CHOLERA
IN 1882.
HE BECAME THE "CABEZA DE BARANGAY"
OF BINAKAYAN, A CHIEF BARRIO OF CAVITE
EL VIEJO, WHEN HE WAS ONLY 17 YEARS
OLD.
HE IS PART OF THE POLITICAL PARTY THE
KATIPUNAN
EMILIO AGUINALDO NATIONAL SOCIALIST PARTY
 HE BECAME THE "CABEZA DE BARANGAY" OF
BINAKAYAN, A CHIEF BARRIO OF CAVITE EL
VIEJO, WHEN HE WAS ONLY 17 YEARS OLD TO
AVOID CONSCRIPTION. IN 1895 THE MAURA LAW
THAT CALLED FOR THE REORGANIZATION OF
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS WAS ENACTED. AT THE
AGE OF 25, AGUINALDO BECAME CAVITE EL
VIEJO'S FIRST "GOBERNADORCILLO CAPITAN
MUNICIPAL" (MUNICIPAL GOVERNOR- CAPTAIN)
WHILE ON A BUSINESS TRIP IN MINDORO.
HE IS PART OF THE POLITICAL PARTY THE
KATIPUNAN
EMILIO AGUINALDO NATIONAL SOCIALIST PARTY
 HE IS THE 1ST PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES
PRESIDENT OF THE FIRST REPUBLIC
PRESIDENT OF THE SUPREME GOVERNMENT
PRESIDENT OF REPUBLIC OF BIAK-NA-BATO
DICTATOR OF DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENT
PRESIDENT OF THE REVOLUTIONARY
GOVERNMENT

HE LIVED A VERY LONG LIFE AND DIED AT 94 ON

FEBRUARY 6, 1964 OF CORONARY THROMBOSIS IN
VETERANS MEMORIAL HOSPITAL (NOW VETERANS
MEMORIAL MEDICAL CENTER) IN QUEZON CITY
WHERE HE WAS CONFINED FOR 469 DAYS BEFORE
EMILIO AGUINALDO HIS DEATH
REVOLUTIONARY AND POLITICAL CAREER
• PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION AND BATTLES
• BATTLE OF IMUS 3.3TWIN BATTLES OF BINAKAYAN-DALAHICAN
• BATTLE OF ZAPOTE BRIDGE
• SPANISH CAVITE OFFENSIVE AND THE BATTLE OF PEREZ DASMARIÑAS
• TEJEROS CONVENTION AND THE EXECUTION OF BONIFACIO
• RETREAT TO MONTALBAN
• BIAK-NA-BATO
• RETURN TO THE PHILIPPINES AND PHILIPPINE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
 NEWSPAPER PHOTOS OF THE AGED AGUINALDO
RECEIVING COMMUNION FROM A HOSPITAL CHAPLAIN
WERE PRESENTED AS PROOF HE HAD RETURNED TO THE
CHURCH. BUT THIS DID NOT SWAY OTHERS WHO
CLAIMED THAT HE DIDN’T KNOW WHAT WAS BEING
PUT IN HIS MOUTH, OR THAT HE WAS TRICKED INTO
RECEIVING THE HOST, THINKING IT WAS HIS
MEDICATION.
MGA GUNITA NG HIMAGSIKAN OR THE
THE MEMIOR OF THE REVOLUTION
 MGA GUNITA NG HIMAGSIKAN OR THE
THE MEMIOR OF THE REVOLUTION
AGUINALDO SCRIBBLED A LOT IN HIS OLD AGE. BETWEEN 1928 AND 1946, HE
PRODUCED IN LONG HAND THE FIRST VOLUME OF HIS MEMOIRS, “MGA GUNITA
NG HIMAGSIKAN (1964),” TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL TAGALOG AS
“MEMOIRS OF THE REVOLUTION” (1967). IN HIS PREFACE AGUINALDO SAYS THE
MEMOIRS WERE BASED ON A DIARY HE KEPT, DOCUMENTS HE PRESERVED, AND
FAMILY LORE GATHERED FROM HIS ELDERS. WE DO NOT KNOW WHETHER THIS
DIARY IS EXTANT OR WHETHER A PROMISED SECOND VOLUME OF THE MEMOIRS
WERE FULLY WRITTEN OUT. ALL WE HAVE IS AN ACCOUNT FROM HIS BIRTH AND
EARLY YEARS, ENDING WITH THE 1897 TREATY OF BIAK-NA-BATO.
• THE SECOND VOLUME WOULD COVER THE RESUMPTION OF THE PHILIPPINE
REVOLUTION AGAINST SPAIN AND THE PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR. AGUINALDO
WANTED TO CORRECT HISTORY BY MAKING REFERENCE TO THE HISTORIAN’S
CONFUSED ACCOUNTS ON THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION:
• “EXCEPT FOR THOSE THAT WERE WRITTEN, OTHER DETAILS HAD BEEN FORGOTTEN.
MANY DETAILS SHOWED INCONSISTENCIES BECAUSE NOT ALL SOURCES WERE
DOCUMENTED FOR LACK OF RELIABLE REFERENCES. FOR INSTANCE, THE RIGHT DAY
OF THE FIRST CRY OF BALINTAWAK COULD NOT BE ASCERTAINED. SOME SAY THIS
TOOK PLACE ON AUGUST 23, 1896 AT THE OLD BONIFACIO MONUMENT IN
BALINTAWAK, OTHERS CLAIM IT HAPPENED ON AUGUST 24, 1896. . . . WE NOW HAVE
TOO MANY MARKERS FOR A SINGLE EVENT.”
• THE DATE WE USE IN OUR TEXTBOOKS AND OFFICIAL COMMEMORATIONS WAS
CHOSEN BY THE NATIONAL HISTORICAL COMMISSION OVER OTHER DATES (IN AUGUST
AND SEPT. 5, 1896) PRESENTED BY OTHER SOURCES. AGUINALDO STATED THAT THIS
EVENT TOOK PLACE IN BALINTAWAK, BUT THE LATE HISTORIAN TEODORO A.
AGONCILLO TOOK THE WORD OF PIO VALENZUELA AND ARGUED FOR PUGADLAWIN.
ASIDE FROM THESE TWO PLACES, THE OTHER CONTENDERS ARE: KANGKONG, BAHAY
TORO, PASONG TAMO, PACPAC LAWIN AND, IF WE ARE TO BELIEVE IN KOMIKS, PUGAD
BABOY.
• IT MAY ADD MORE CONFUSION TO OUR HISTORY, BUT SOMEONE SHOULD TRACK
DOWN VOLUME 2 OF AGUINALDO’S MEMOIRS, HIS DIARY AND OTHER PAPERS. THESE
ARE PROBABLY TUCKED AWAY IN SOME SECRET COMPARTMENT OR FORGOTTEN
DRAWER IN THE AGUINALDO SHRINE.
 HISTORICAL RELEVANCE
CONDUCTING A DEEPER RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS ON THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE
PEOPLE DURING THE REVOLUTION WAS STILL A CHALLENGE FOR STUDENTS AND
HISTORIANS. IT IS IMPORTANT TO MENTION THAT THE EXPERIENCE OF EACH
COUNTRY IS NOT THE SAME. IT IS IMPORTANT TO CONTINUE THE TRADITIONS AND
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES ESPECIALLY IN THE PRESENT TIME TO CONTINUE TO PROVIDE
SUFFICIENT RECOGNITION TO HISTORIANS NOT ONLY OF THE RULING LEADERS,
ABOVE ALL, THE IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION OF THE PEOPLE TO ACHIEVING
INDEPENDENCE. IT SHOULD NOT BE STOPPED, BUT IT IS EVEN MORE NECESSARY TO
INTENSIFY THE OBJECTIVE OF CONTRIBUTING MEANINGFUL STUDIES THAT
TRANSCEND REGIONAL HISTORY AND ALSO ITS RELATION TO THE OVERALL HISTORY
OF THE COUNTRY IN GENERAL.
RESOURCES:
• NATIONAL HISTORICAL INSTITUTE, MEMOIRS OF GENERAL ARTEMIO RICARTE, MANILA: NATIONAL HISTORICAL INSTITUTE, 1992
• AGUINALDO, EMILIO F., MGA GUNITA NG HIMAGSIKAN, NATIONAL CENTENNIAL COMMISION AT CAVITE HISTORICAL SOCIETY: 1998
• ALVAREZ, SANTIAGO V., THE KATIPUNAN AND THE REVOLUTION: MEMOIRS OF A GENERAL, (WITH THE ORIGINAL TAGALOG TEXT, ANG
KATIPUNAN AT PAGHIHIMAGSIK), QUEZON CITY: ATENEO DE MANILA UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1992

• CANSECO, TELESFORO, HISTORIA DELA INSURRECCION EN CAVITE (KASAYSAYAN NG PAGHIHIMAGSIK NG MGA PILIPINO SA CAVITE
1897), JOSE RHOMMEL B. HERNANDEZ, O. P., TAGASALIN, QUEZON CITY: PHILIPPINE DOMINICAN CENTER OF INSTITUTIONAL STUDIES,
1999)

• RICARTE, ARTEMIO, HIMAGSIKAN NANG MANGA PILIPINO LABAN SA KASTILA, (YOKOHAMA: 1997)
• RONQUILLO, CARLOS V, ILANG TALA TUNGKOL SA PAGHIHIMAGSIK (REVOLUCION) NANG 1897, ISAGANI MEDINA, PATNUGOT, QUEZON
CITY: UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES PRESS, 1996

• KALAW, TEODORO M., ANG HIMAGSIKANG PILIPINO, MANILA: NATIONAL HISTORICAL INSTITUTE, 1989
• SEKUNDARYANG BATIS
• ABRERA, MA. BERNADETTE L., AMBROSIO, DANTE L., BOUQUIREN, ROWENA R., LLANES, FERDINAND C. AT VENERACION, JAIME B., KASAYSAYANG BAYAN: SAMPUNG ARALIN SA
KASAYSAYAN NG PILIPINO, ADHIKA NG PILIPINAS AT NATIONAL HISTORICAL INSTITUTE, 2001

• CUSHNER, NICOLAS P., LANDED ESTATES IN THE COLONIAL PHILIPPINES, CONNECTICUT: YALE UNIVERSITY, SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES, 1976
• DE OCAMPO, ESTEBAN, AT SAULO, ALFREDO, HISTORY OF CAVITE: THE MOTHER GROUND OF THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION, INDEPENDENCE, FLAG, AND NATIONAL ANTHEM, CAVITE: TRECE
MARTIRES, 1985

• LLANES, FERDINAND C., KATIPUNAN: ISANG PAMBANSANG KILUSAN, TRINITAS PUBLISHING INC., 1994)
• MEDINA, ISAGANI R., CAVITE BEFORE THE REVOLUTION 1571 – 1896. LUNGSOD QUEZON: CSSP PUBLICATIONS, 1994
• NATIONAL HISTORICAL INSTITUTE, MEMOIRS OF GENERAL ARTEMIO RICARTE, MANILA: NATIONAL HISTORICAL INSTITUTE, 1992
• PAHAYAGAN, DYORNAL, AT MANUSKRITO
• MANUEL, ARSENIO E., BIOGRAPHY OF TOMAS TIRONA, THE DILIMAN REVIEW, TOMO XIV, BILANG 4, PP. 287-380.
• ORDOÑEZ, ELMER A., CAPITANG SERYO: THE STORY OF GENERAL LICERIO TOPACIO, PARAGRAPHICS: 1998
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