Politics in Revolution

POLITICS IN REVOLUTION
CHAPTER 8
ROWENA D. CIUDAD
JEHDAN GONZALES
HEADING
FROM THE BAORDROOM TO THE BEDROOM, IN WAR AND IN PEACE, THERE IS

POLITICS, AND IN ITS VERY CORE IS THE DESIRE FOR POWER. POLITICS STEMS
FROM THE DESIRE TO GAIN POWER, TO STAY IN POWER, AND TO HAVE MORE
POWER ACCORDING TO NICCOLLO MACHIAVELLI, THE POWER OF REALPOLITIK
(POLITICS OF REALITY). FOR HIS PART, SOCRATES, THE GREAT GREEK
PHILOSOPHER, EXPLAINED THAT THIS IS TRUE BEACAUSE HUMAN BEINGS ARE
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ANIMALS. DELIBERATELY OR UNCONCIOUSLY, ALL OF US
PLAYPOLITICS.
AND IT IS NOT GOOD BECAUSE WHILE THE REVOLUTIONARIES WERE

CONSTATNTLY PREOCCUPIED BY ATTACKING, PLOTTING, AND FIGHTING BACK,
OR HIDING TO PRESERVE THEIR LIVES AND THEIR MEN, POLITICS ALSO TOOK
PLACE IN THEIR STRUGGLE TO GAIN POWER AMONG THEMSELVES DUE TO THEIR
AMBITTIONS TO LEAD OUT OF PERSONAL AMBITIONS OF THEIR
INEFFECTIVENESS OF THE OTHER GROUP. THIS WAS EXEMPLIFIED BY ANDRES
BONIFACIO AND EMILIO AGUINALDO
THE FOLLOWING WERE EMILIO AGUINALDO’S LEADERSHIP BEFORE THE EVENTS

TOOK PLACE IN TEJEROS CONVENTION AND THE NAIK ASSEMBLY:
1. THE RIVALVARY FOR THE POWER BETWEEN THE MAGDIWANG OF BONIFACIO AND THE
MAGDALO OF EMILIO AGUINALDO;
2. THE RGIONALISTIC ATTITUDE OF THE KATIPUNEROS DESPITE THE SUPERFICIAL UNITY
AMONG THEM
3. THE TREACHERY AND MANUEVERING WHICH ARE NATURALLY PART OF POWER STRUGGLE
4. THE UNFAVORABLE EFFECTS OF BONIFACIO AND HIS MEN’S IRRATIONAL FORHING OF THE
ELITES’ SIGNITURE WHICH LED TO THE UDJUST IMPLICATION OF THE ELITES AS
SUPPORTERS OF THE MOVEMENT;
5. THE DEFEATS SUFFERED BY HIS MEN IN MANY SKIRMISHES AND,
6. THE MANY LOCAL VICTORIES OF EMILIO AGUINALDO THAT EMBOLDENED HIM HIS MEN
PAGE 1
CHANGES
EMELIO BECAME THE HIGHEST AUTHORITY. THE SQAUBBLE BEETWEEN TWO

GROUPS OPERATED BY THE GOVERNMENT FORCES PLACED REVOLUTIONARIES IN
MORE DANGEROUS POSITION. THE SITUATION CALLED FOR A LEADER WHO
SHOULD DECIDE WISELY.
THE KATIPUNEROS SUFFERED DEAFEAT BUT SPANISH AUTHORITY SAW THAT

MANY FILIPINO SOLDIERS IN THE SPANISH CONSCRIPT DEFECTED TO THE
REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT EASILY.
BY THEN, GOVERNOR-GENERAL PRIMO DE RIVERA WAS SENT BACK TO THE

PHILIPPINES TO REPLACE CAMILO POLAVIEJA. MANY ATTEMPTS TO CAPTURE
EMILIO AGUINALDO WERE INTENSIFIED, HOWEVER, THE SPANISH AUTHORITIES
FAILED.
GOVERNOR-GENERAL PRIMO DE RIVERA SHOWN MORE EFFECTIVENESS ACTIONS

THAN THE CURRENT ONE. HE ARRIVED IN DECEMBER 1896, AND IN JUST 5
MONTHS HE GAINED CONTROL OVER ALMOST ALL TOWNS IN CAVITE.
EMILIO AGUINALDO ESCAPED TO BATANGAS WITH HIS MEN. HE PROCEEDED TO

MORONG, THEN SAN JUAN DEL MONTE, TO MT. PURAY, AND FINALLY TO BIYAK-
PAGE 2
NA-BATO IN BULACAN WHERE THEY ESTABLISHED A NEW
HEADQUARTERS.OTHER REBELS IN THE AREA JOINED THE REVOLUTIONARY AND
GENERAL MARIANO LLANERA JOINED EMELIO AGUINALDO.
THEY DECIDED TO FORM A DEPARTMENTAL GOVERNMENT OF CENTRAL

LUZON.THE LEADERS ASSEMBLED AT MT. PURAY AND FORGED UNITY AMONG
THEM. THE PROVINCES REPRESENTED WERE LAGUNA, BATAAN, NUEVA ECIJA,
MORONG, MANILA, TARLAC AND PANGASINAN
THE DEPARTMENTAL GOVERNMENT OF CENTRAL

LUZON ELECTED OFFICERS
PRESIDENT----------------------------------FR. PEDRO DANDAN
VICE PRESIDENT-----------------------ANASTACIO FRANSISCO
SECRETARY OF TREASURY---------------------PACIANO RIZAL
SECRETARY OF WAR----------------------CIPRIANO PACHERO
SECRETARY OF INTERIOR--------------TEODORO GONZALES
SECRETARY WELFARE---------------------FELICIANO JOCSON
TO EFFECTIVELY QUELL THE REVOLUTION, GOVERNOR-GENERAL RIVERA

ADOPTED FOUR APPROACHES:
1. PERSUASION BY GRANTING FOR THOSE WHO COULD SURRENDER AND GIVE UP THEIR
ARMS.
2. PROHIBITING PEOPLE FORM MOVING OUT OF THE AREAS DESIGNATED FOR THEM;
3. INFLICTING CRUEL PUNISHMENT; IMPRISONMENT, TORTURES AS A MEANS OF EXTRACTING
INFORMATION, AND PUBLIC EXECUTION TO SCARE OTHERS FROM FOLLOWING SUIT; AND,
4. CONTINUOUS TRACKING DOWN OF THE REBELS
PAGE 3
THE BIYAK-NA-BATO REPUBLIC
ON MAY 31, 1897, THE REVOLUTIONARY LEADERS GATHERED AT SAN MIGUEL DE

MAYUMO IN BULACAN AND SET UP REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT ALSO KNOWN AS
BIYAK-NA-BATO REPUBLIC. GENERAL EMILIO AGUINALDO DIRECTED FELIX
FERRER AND ISABELO ARTACHO TO PREPARE THE CONSTITUTION TO DECLARE
THE PHILIPPHINES ASPIRATION TO SEPARATE FORM SPAIN. AND IT ALSO
SPECIFIED THE USE OF TAGALOG AS COUNTRY’S NATIONAL LANGUAGE. THE
BIYAK-NA-BATO REPUBLIC CONSTITUTION WAS SIGNED ON NOVEMBER 1, 18917 BY
THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE REVOLUTION.
EMELIO AGUINALDO, ISSUED A MANIFESTO ADDRESSED TO THE BRAVE SONS OF

THE PHILIPPINES AND LISTED THEREIN THE FILIPINO PEOPLE’S DEMANDS,
NAMELY:
1. TO EXPEL THE FRIARS FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND TO RETURN THE LANDS THEY GRABBED
FROM NATIVES
2. TO SEND FILPINO DELGATES TO THE LAWMAKING BODY OF SPAIN (SPANISH CORTES);
3. TO GRANT FREEDOM PRES;
4. TO ALLOW RELIGIOUS FREEDOM;
5. TO OBSERVE FAIRNESS IN THE IPOSITION OF TAXES AND IN THE PAYMENT OF SALARIES OF
THE NATIVES, OF THE INSULARE, AND THE PENINSULARES;
6. TO STOP DEPORTATION OF FILIPINOS TO REMOTE PLACES;
7. TO OBSERVE EQUAL TREATMENT OF ALL BEFORE THE LAW.
PAGE 4
THE WIN-WIN SOLUTION
IT IS A FACT THAT THE REVOLUTION CAUSES SO MUCH LOSS AND
DESTRUCTION OF LIVES AND PROPERTY, TAKES A GREAT PART OF HUMAN
ENERGY AND RESOURCES, DISTURBS PEACE, AND HAMPERS PRODUCTIVITY.
“SPAIN COLONIZED THE PHILIPPHINES FOR 333 YEARS AND IN THE END, SPAIN
HAD TO TURN OVER PHILIPPINES TO AMERICA.
THERE IS TWO INDOMITABLE LEADERS WERE IDENTIFIED BY THE COLONIZERS:

ANDRES BONIFACIO AND EMILIO AGUINALDO. THEY EMPLOYED MANY
STRATEGIES TO SUBDUE THESE TWO MEN BUT WITHOUT SUCCESS. BOTH WERE
PASSIONATE AND BRAVE, BUT AGUINALDO COULD HAVE BEEN PRAGMATIC
RATHER THAN IDEALISTIC AS SHOWN IN HIS ACCEPTANCE OF WHAT WAS
SEEMINGLY A “WIN-WIN SOLUTION” BETWEEN SPAIN AND THE PHILIPPHINES.
THE TRUCE OF BIYAK-NA-BATO
A TRUCE IS A MUTUAL AGREEMENT ENTERED INTO BY TWO WARRING

COUNTRIES OR GROUPS TO STOP HOSTILLITIES FOR A CERTAIN PERIOD OF
TIME.THIS WAS OFFERED BY THE SPANISH GOVERNMENT TO THE
REVOLUTIONARIES, FACILATATED BY PEDRO PATERNO. THE TRUCE OF BIYAK-NA-
BATO WAS SIGANED ON NOVEMBER 18,1897. THE SPAIN HAS TO PAY THE
MOVEMENT FOR 800,000 PESOS, AND AS AGREED EMILIO AGUINALDO SAILED TO
HONG KONG TOGETHER WITH HIS CHOOSEN 25 REVOLUTIONARY LEADERS ON
DECEMBER 27,1897. EMILIO AGUINALDO HAD WITH HIM A CHECH AMOUNTING
TO 400,000 PESOS AND IN 5 DAYS HI DEPOSITED THE ENTIRE AMOUNT TO HONG
KONG BANK.
PAGE 5
MANILA CELEBRATED THE “REIGN OF PEACE”
GOVERNOR-GENERAL PRIMO DE RIVERA MADE PUBLIC THE DECLARATION OF

THAT PEACE WAS FINALLY ACHIEVED AS THE RESULT OF THE TRUCE OF BIYAK-
NA-BATO, AND THAT HOSTILITIES HAD ALREADY ENDED. TE DEUM WAS SUNG
AT MANILA CATHEDRAL ON JUNE 23 AND 24 1898. AFTER A WEEK GOVERNOR-
GENERAL, MR. WILLIAMS SENT A LETTER TO THE USA DEPARTMENT OF WAR. IN
THE LETTER, WILLIAM STATED,
PEACE IS PROCLAMED AND SINCE MY COMING, FESTIVITIES HAVE BEEN HELD, BUT THERE IS NO
PEACE AND THERE HAS BEEN NONE FOR TWO YEARS, WAR EXIST, BATTLES ARE ALMOST DAILY
OCCURRENCE…
MUTUAL MISTRUST: ATTACKS AND COUNTER-ATTACKS

WHILE AGUINALDO WAS IN HONG KONG, THE MILITARY LEADERS LEFT BEHIND
ENCOURAGE THEIR MEN TO SURRENDER THEIR ARMS WITH THE VIEW OF
COMPLYING THAT WHAT WERE AGREED UPON, AND TO OBTAIN THE REMAINING
BALANCE OF 400,000 PESOS FROM SPANISH GOVERNMENT. OTHER SURRENDER
THEIR ARMS WHILE OTHER’S HID THEM IN PREPARATION FOR THE POSIBLE
BREAKING OUT HOSTILITIES ANY TIME.
AFTER THAT AGREEMENT THE SPANISH STILL DID NOT TRUST THE
CONSTITUTION AND THE MUTUAL MISTRUST OF BOTH PARTIES CAUSES A
CONFLICT THAT LEADS A DANGEROUS SIGNALS TO AMERICA AND THE SPANISH
PAGE 6
MINISTRY OF WAR HAD ALREADY WARNED PRIMO DE RIVERA OF THE POSSIBLITY
OF WAR BETWEEN AMERICA AND SPAIN.
THE AMERICANS JOINED THE FRAY
JOSE RIZAL PREDICTED THAT THE AMERICA AND JAPAN ONE DAY WILL COME TO
THE PHILIPPHINES, A POWERFUL COUNTRY AFTER A SPAIN TO COLONIZED
PHILIPPINES. HE WARNED THE FILIPINOS ON THE DANGER OF IMPERIALISM IN
THEIR PERSPECTIVE BID FOR HEGEMONY.
AS EARLY AS 1896, RIZAL HAD AN INTELLECTUAL FORECAST OF THE POWERFUL

COUNTRIES COMING TO COLONIZE THE PHILIPPINES. BASED ON THE FACT OF
HIS ANALYSIS, IN HIS ESSAY FILIPINAS DENTRO DE CIAN ANOS, HE PREDICTED
THAT THE PHILIPPINES WILL BE INDEPENDENT FROM SPAIN, BUT MAYBE FALLING
UNDER THE DOMINION OF YET, ANOTHER POWERFUL COUNTRY.
AGUINALDO IN SELF-EXILE AND THE GROWING

EMPERIALIST, AMERICA
PAGE 7
AGUINALDO’S SELF EXILE TO HONG KONG CAN BE VIEWED IN MAY ASPECTS, IT
COULD BE MOTIVATED BY HIS OWN PERSONAL INTEREST, OR A FORM OF A BRIBE
OR A REWARD, A RESPITE FROM REVOLUTION FOR HIM AND HIS CHOSEN 25
MILITARY LEADERS, ETC.
IN THE PHILIPPINES, PRIMO DE RIVERA WAS REPLACED BY BASILIO AUGUSTINE, A

CONSERVATIVE. COROLLARY TO THIS THE PROGRAM FOR PACIFICATION OF THE
ISLANDS WAS STOPPED.
AMERICA BY THEN WAS GAINING STRENGTH AND NEEDING MORE RESOURCES

SUSH AS RAW MATERIALS FOR ITS MANUFACTURING, MORE MARKETS FOR ITS
PRODUCTS AND SURPLUS, AND MORE HUMAN RESOURCES FOR CHEAP
COMPENSATION OF LABOR-INTENSIVE PRODUCTION OF GOOD. IT ALSO NEEDED
STRATEGIC TERRITORIES TO SUCCESSFULLY CARRY OUT ITS MILITARY
CAMPAIGNS FOR DOMINION OVER OTHERS. AMERICA JOINED THE
ENTERNATIONAL GAME OF IMPERIALISM.
PAGE 8
PRESIDENT WILLIAM MCKINLEY APPOINTED THEODORE D. ROOSEVELT, A
REPUBLICAN (WHO WOULD BE THE USA 26th PRESIDENT) AS ASSISTANT
SECRETARY OF THE US NAVY, TO LEAD A WAR AGAINST SPANISH, HE
CONCEPTUALIZE THE EXPANSION OF US NAVY. TO CARRY OUT HIS PLAN, HE
SPONSORED COMMODORE GEORGE DEWE’Y PROMOTION, AND THEN LATER
BACAME THE COMMANDER OF THE AMERICAN ASIATIC SQUADROM IN HONG
KONG.
PAGE 9

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POLITICS IN REVOLUTION

FROM THE BAORDROOM TO THE BEDROOM, IN WAR AND IN PEACE, THERE IS

AND IT IS NOT GOOD BECAUSE WHILE THE REVOLUTIONARIES WERE

THE FOLLOWING WERE EMILIO AGUINALDO’S LEADERSHIP BEFORE THE EVENTS

EMELIO BECAME THE HIGHEST AUTHORITY. THE SQAUBBLE BEETWEEN TWO

THE KATIPUNEROS SUFFERED DEAFEAT BUT SPANISH AUTHORITY SAW THAT

BY THEN, GOVERNOR-GENERAL PRIMO DE RIVERA WAS SENT BACK TO THE

GOVERNOR-GENERAL PRIMO DE RIVERA SHOWN MORE EFFECTIVENESS ACTIONS

EMILIO AGUINALDO ESCAPED TO BATANGAS WITH HIS MEN. HE PROCEEDED TO

THEY DECIDED TO FORM A DEPARTMENTAL GOVERNMENT OF CENTRAL

THE DEPARTMENTAL GOVERNMENT OF CENTRAL

VICE PRESIDENT-----------------------ANASTACIO FRANSISCO

SECRETARY OF TREASURY---------------------PACIANO RIZAL

SECRETARY OF WAR----------------------CIPRIANO PACHERO

SECRETARY OF INTERIOR--------------TEODORO GONZALES

SECRETARY WELFARE---------------------FELICIANO JOCSON

TO EFFECTIVELY QUELL THE REVOLUTION, GOVERNOR-GENERAL RIVERA

ON MAY 31, 1897, THE REVOLUTIONARY LEADERS GATHERED AT SAN MIGUEL DE

EMELIO AGUINALDO, ISSUED A MANIFESTO ADDRESSED TO THE BRAVE SONS OF

THERE IS TWO INDOMITABLE LEADERS WERE IDENTIFIED BY THE COLONIZERS:

THE TRUCE OF BIYAK-NA-BATO

A TRUCE IS A MUTUAL AGREEMENT ENTERED INTO BY TWO WARRING

GOVERNOR-GENERAL PRIMO DE RIVERA MADE PUBLIC THE DECLARATION OF

MUTUAL MISTRUST: ATTACKS AND COUNTER-ATTACKS

THE AMERICANS JOINED THE FRAY

AS EARLY AS 1896, RIZAL HAD AN INTELLECTUAL FORECAST OF THE POWERFUL

AGUINALDO IN SELF-EXILE AND THE GROWING

IN THE PHILIPPINES, PRIMO DE RIVERA WAS REPLACED BY BASILIO AUGUSTINE, A

AMERICA BY THEN WAS GAINING STRENGTH AND NEEDING MORE RESOURCES

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