DC Choppers: Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 1
DC Choppers: Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 1
DC Choppers: Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 1
V R V 0
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 4
• A step-down chopper with resistive load.
• The thyristor in the circuit acts as a switch.
• When thyristor is ON, supply voltage appears
across the load
• When thyristor is OFF, the voltage across the
load will be zero.
V dc
t
tON tOFF
i0
V /R
Idc
t
T
2
V tON
VO tON .V
T T
VO d .V
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 10
10
Output power PO VO I O
VO
But IO
R
Output power
2
V
PO O
R
2
dV
PO
R
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 11
11
Effective input resistance of chopper
V
Ri
I dc
R
Ri
d
The output voltage can be varied by
varying the duty cycle.
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 12
12
Methods Of Control
• The output dc voltage can be varied by the
following methods.
– Pulse width modulation control or constant
frequency operation.
– Variable frequency control.
tON tOFF
t
T
V 0
t
tO N tOFF
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 15
15
Variable Frequency Control
• Chopping frequency ‘f’ is varied keeping either
tON or tOFF constant.
• To obtain full output voltage range, frequency
has to be varied over a wide range.
• This method produces harmonics in the output
and for large tOFF load current may become
discontinuous
tON tOFF
t
T
v0
tO N tO FF
t
T
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17
Step-down Chopper
With R-L Load
C hopper
i0
+
R
V V
FW D L
0
E
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 18
18
• When chopper is ON, supply is connected
across load.
• Current flows from supply to load.
• When chopper is OFF, load current continues
to flow in the same direction through FWD due
to energy stored in inductor ‘L’.
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19
• Load current can be continuous or
discontinuous depending on the values of ‘L’
and duty cycle ‘d’
• For a continuous current operation, load current
varies between two limits Imax and Imin
• When current becomes equal to Imax the chopper
is turned-off and it is turned-on when current
reduces to Imin.
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 20
20
v0
O u tp u t
v o lta g e
V
tO N tO FF
t
T
i0 O u tp u t
Im ax c u rre n t
C o n tin u o u s
I m in c u rre n t
t
i0 O u tp u t
c u rre n t
D is c o n tin u o u s
c u rre n t
t
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 21
21
Expressions For
Load Current
iO For Continuous Current Operation
When
Chopper Is ON (0 t tON)
V V 0
L
E
-
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 23
23
diO
V iO R L E
dt
Taking Laplace Transform
V E
RI O S L S .I O S iO 0
S S
At t 0, initial current iO 0 I min
V E I min
IO S
R R
LS S S
L L
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 24
24
Taking Inverse Laplace Transform
V E
R
t
R
t
iO t 1 e L
I min e L
R
This expression is valid for 0 t tON ,
i.e., during the period chopper is ON.
At the instant the chopper is turned off,
load current is iO tON I max
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 25
25
When Chopper is OFF
i0
S
Redefining time origin we have at t 0,
initial current iO 0
I max
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 27
27
I max E
IO S
R R
S LS S
L L
Taking Inverse Laplace Transform
R
t E R
t
iO t I max e L
1 e L
R
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28
The expression is valid for 0 t tOFF ,
i.e., during the period chopper is OFF
iO I min
I .t
for 0 t tON dT
dT
I max I min
iO I min t
dT
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 35
35
RMS value of load current
dT
1
0 dt
2
I O RMS i
dT 0
I max I min t
2
1
dT
I O RMS
dT
0
I min
dT
dt
2 I max I min 2 2 I min I max I min t
dT 2
1
I O RMS
dT
0
I min
dT
t
dT
dt
dT 2
1 I max I min
I CH
T 0
I min
dT
t dt
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 37
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1
2 I max I min
2 2
I CH d I min I min I max I min
3
I CH d I O RMS
Effective input resistance is
V
Ri
IS
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 38
38
Where
I S Average source current
I S dI dc
V
Ri
dI dc
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Principle Of Step-up Chopper
I L D
+
+
L
C O V
V A O
D
C hopper
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 40
40
• Step-up chopper is used to obtain a load voltage
higher than the input voltage V.
• The values of L and C are chosen depending
upon the requirement of output voltage and
current.
• When the chopper is ON, the inductor L is
connected across the supply.
• The inductor current ‘I’ rises and the inductor
stores energy during the ON time of the
chopper, tON.
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41
• When the chopper is off, the inductor current I
is forced to flow through the diode D and load
for a period, tOFF.
• The current tends to decrease resulting in
reversing the polarity of induced EMF in L.
• Therefore voltage across load is given by
dI
VO V L i.e., VO V
dt
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• A large capacitor ‘C’ connected across the
load, will provide a continuous output voltage .
• Diode D prevents any current flow from
capacitor to the source.
• Step up choppers are used for regenerative
braking of dc motors.
Chopper ON time,
tON dT
3
tON 0.80 0.110
3
tON 0.08 10 80 μsecs
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 59
59
Problem
• In a dc chopper, the average load current is
30 Amps, chopping frequency is 250 Hz, supply
voltage is 110 volts. Calculate the ON and
OFF periods of the chopper if the load
resistance is 2 ohms.
V R v0
PO
R
0.6 200 2
2
PO 2352.24 watts
10
Input power,
dT
1
Pi
T Vi dt
0
O
1
dT
V V Vch
PO
T 0 R dt
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 67
67
dV V Vch
PO
R
0.6 200 200 2
PO 2376 watts
10
Chopper efficiency,
PO
100
Pi
2352.24
100 99%
2376
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Problem
• A chopper is supplying an inductive load with a
free-wheeling diode. The load inductance is 5 H
and resistance is 10.. The input voltage to the
chopper is 200 volts and the chopper is operating
at a frequency of 1000 Hz. If the ON/OFF time
ratio is 2:3. Calculate
– Maximum and minimum values of load current
in one cycle of chopper operation.
– Average load current
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 69
69
L 5 H , R 10, f 1000 Hz,
V 200 V , tON : tOFF 2 : 3
Chopping period,
1 1
T 1 msecs
f 1000
tON 2
tOFF 3
2
tON tOFF
3
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T tON tOFF
2
T tOFF tOFF
3
5
T tOFF
3
3
tOFF T
5
3 3
T 110 0.6 msec
5
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tON T tOFF
tON 1 0.6 103 0.4 msec
Duty cycle,
3
tON 0.4 10
d 3
0.4
T 1 10
Maximum value of load current is given by
dRT
V 1 e L
E
I max
R
RT R
1 e L
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Since there is no voltage source in
the load circuit, E = 0
dRT
V 1 e L
I max
R
RT
1 e L
0.4101103
200 1 e 5
I max 101103
10
1 e 5
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 73
73
1 e 0.8103
I max 20 2103
1 e
I max 8.0047A
Minimum value of load current with E = 0
is given by
dRT
V e 1 L
I min
R RT
e L 1
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74
0.4101103
200 e 1
5
I min 7.995 A
10 101510
3
e 1
Average load current
I max I min
I dc
2
8.0047 7.995
I dc 8 A
2
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Problem
• A chopper feeding on RL load is shown in
figure, with V = 200 V, R = 5, L = 5 mH,
f = 1 kHz, d = 0.5 and E = 0 V. Calculate
– Maximum and minimum values of load
current.
– Average value of load current.
– RMS load current.
– Effective input resistance as seen by source.
– RMS chopper current.
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V = 200 V, R = 5 , L = 5 mH,
f = 1kHz, d = 0.5, E = 0
Chopping period is
1 1 3
T 1 10 secs
f 1 10 3
C hopper
i0
+
R
v0
FW D L
E
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77
77
Maximum value of load current is given by
dRT
V 1 e L E
I max
R
RT R
1 e L
0.551103
200 1 e 5103
I max 51103 0
5
1 e 5103
1 e 0.5
I max 40 1
24.9 A
1 e
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Minimum value of load current is given by
dRT
V e 1 E
L
I min
R L RT R
e 1
0.551103
1
3
200 e 510
I min 5110 3 0
5
e 5103 1
e0.5 1
I min 40 1 15.1 A
e 1
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79
Average value of load current is
I1 I 2
I dc
2
for linear variation of currents
24.9 15.1
I dc 20 A
2
RMS load current is given by
1
2 I max I min
2 2
I O RMS I min I min I max I min
3 80
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 80
1
24.9 15.1
2 2
I O RMS 15.1
2
15.1 24.9 15.1
3
1
96.04 2
I O RMS 228.01 147.98 20.2 A
3
RMS chopper current is given by
I ch d I O RMS 0.5 20.2 14.28 A
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Effective input resistance is
V
Ri
IS
I S = Average source current
I S dI dc
I S 0.5 20 10 A
Therefore effective input resistance is
V 200
Ri 20
IS 10
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Classification Of Choppers
• Choppers are classified as
– Class A Chopper
– Class B Chopper
– Class C Chopper
– Class D Chopper
– Class E Chopper
C hopper
L
O v0 V
V A
FW D D
i0
t
i0
O u tp u t c u rre n t
CH O N
t
v0 F W D C o n d u c ts
O u tp u t v o lta g e
t
tO N
T
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 87
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Class B Chopper
D
i0 v0
+
R
V L v0
C hopper
E i0
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• When chopper is ON, E drives a current
through L and R in a direction opposite to that
shown in figure.
• During the ON period of the chopper, the
inductance L stores energy.
• When Chopper is OFF, diode D conducts, and
part of the energy stored in inductor L is
returned to the supply.
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• Average output voltage is positive.
• Average output current is negative.
• Therefore Class B Chopper operates in second
quadrant.
• In this chopper, power flows from load to
source.
• Class B Chopper is used for regenerative
braking of dc motor.
• Class B Chopper is a step-up chopper.
t
i0 tO F F tO N
T
t
O u tp u t c u rre n t
Im ax
Im in D
c o n d u c ts C h o p p e r
c o n d u c ts
v0 O u tp u t v o lta g e
CH 1 D 1
i0 v0
+
V R
CH 2 D L v0
2
C hopper
i0
E
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• Class C Chopper is a combination of Class A
and Class B Choppers.
• For first quadrant operation, CH1 is ON or D2
conducts.
• For second quadrant operation, CH2 is ON or
D1 conducts.
• When CH1 is ON, the load current is positive.
• The output voltage is equal to ‘V’ & the load
receives power from the source.
• When CH1 is turned OFF, energy stored in
inductance L forces current to flow through the
diode D2 and the output voltage is zero.
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97
• Current continues to flow in positive direction.
• When CH2 is triggered, the voltage E forces
current to flow in opposite direction through L
and CH2 .
• The output voltage is zero.
• On turning OFF CH2 , the energy stored in the
inductance drives current through diode D1 and
the supply
• Output voltage is V, the input current becomes
negative and power flows from load to source.
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• Average output voltage is positive
• Average output current can take both positive
and negative values.
• Choppers CH1 & CH2 should not be turned ON
simultaneously as it would result in short
circuiting the supply.
• Class C Chopper can be used both for dc motor
control and regenerative braking of dc motor.
• Class C Chopper can be used as a step-up or
step-down chopper.
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 99
99
ig1
G a te p u ls e
of C H 1
t
ig2 G a te p u ls e
of C H 2
t
i0
O u tp u t c u rre n t
D 1 CH 1 D 2 CH 2 D 1 CH 1 D 2 CH 2
O N O N O N O N
V 0 O u tp u t v o lta g e
t
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Class D Chopper
v0
CH 1 D 2
R i0 L E
V
+ v0 i0
D 1 CH 2
t
ig 2 G a te p u ls e
of C H 2
t
i0
O u tp u t c u rre n t
t
C H 1,C H 2 D 1 ,D 2 C o n d u c tin g
O N
v0
O u tp u t v o lta g e
V
A v era g e v0
t
t
ig2 G a te p u ls e
of C H 2
t
i0
O u tp u t c u rre n t
CH 1
CH 2
t
D 1, D 2
v0 O u tp u t v o lta g e
V
t
A v era g e v0
CH 1 D CH 3 D
1 3
i0 R L E
V
+
v0
CH 2 D CH 4 D
2 4
i0
CH 3 - CH 2 O N D 2 - D 3 C o n d u c ts
C H 2 - D 4 C o n d u c ts C H 4 - D 2 C o n d u c ts
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 107
107
• Class E is a four quadrant chopper
• When CH1 and CH4 are triggered, output
current iO flows in positive direction through
CH1 and CH4, and with output voltage vO = V.
• This gives the first quadrant operation.
• When both CH1 and CH4 are OFF, the energy
stored in the inductor L drives iO through D2
and D3 in the same direction, but output
voltage vO = -V. 108
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 108
• Therefore the chopper operates in the
fourth quadrant.
• When CH2 and CH3 are triggered, the load
current iO flows in opposite direction & output
voltage vO = -V.
• Since both iO and vO are negative, the chopper
operates in third quadrant.
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109
• When both CH2 and CH3 are OFF, the load
current iO continues to flow in the same
direction D1 and D4 and the output voltage
vO = V.
• Therefore the chopper operates in second
quadrant as vO is positive but iO is negative.
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 110
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Effect Of Source &
Load Inductance
tON
VO RMS V
2
T
VO RMS dV
tON
Where duty cycle, d
T
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RMS value of thyristor current
= RMS value of load current
VO RMS
R
dV
R
Average value of thyristor current
= Average value of load current
dV
R
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 118
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Impulse
Commutated Chopper
• Impulse commutated choppers are widely used in
high power circuits where load fluctuation is not
large.
• This chopper is also known as
– Parallel capacitor turn-off chopper
– Voltage commutated chopper
– Classical chopper.
+ a + IL +
b _ C T 2
iC FW D
L
O
V S A vO
D
L D
_ 1 _
+ + IL
V C _ C iC
L
V S
O
A
D
L D 1
_
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• Thyristor T1 is fired at t = 0.
• The supply voltage comes across the load.
• Load current IL flows through T1 and load.
• At the same time capacitor discharges through T1, D1,
L1, & ‘C’ and the capacitor reverses its voltage.
• This reverse voltage on capacitor is held constant by
diode D1.
+ + IL
V C _ C L
D 1 O
V S A
L D
_ FW D
IL
L • Both thyristors are off
FW D O
A and the load current
D flows through the FWD.
• This mode will end once
thyristor T1 is fired.
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 136
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ic C a p a c ito r C u rr e n t
IL
0 t
Ip
iT 1
Ip
IL C u rre n t th ro u g h T 1
t
0
Vc
t
C a p a c ito r V o lta g e
-V c
tc
td
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 138
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Disadvantages
• A starting circuit is required and the starting circuit
should be such that it triggers thyristor T2 first.
• Load voltage jumps to almost twice the supply
voltage when the commutation is initiated.
• The discharging and charging time of commutation
capacitor are dependent on the load current and
this limits high frequency operation, especially at
low load current.