Water has a unique polar structure that allows it to dissolve many other polar substances and act as the solvent for the chemical reactions that take place within cells. Its hydrogen bonding properties give water high heat capacity and allow it to moderate temperatures while existing in solid, liquid, and gas forms. Solutions involve a solute substance dissolving evenly throughout a solvent, and acids and bases are defined by their relative amounts of hydronium and hydroxide ions which determine the pH level important for biological processes.
Water has a unique polar structure that allows it to dissolve many other polar substances and act as the solvent for the chemical reactions that take place within cells. Its hydrogen bonding properties give water high heat capacity and allow it to moderate temperatures while existing in solid, liquid, and gas forms. Solutions involve a solute substance dissolving evenly throughout a solvent, and acids and bases are defined by their relative amounts of hydronium and hydroxide ions which determine the pH level important for biological processes.
Water has a unique polar structure that allows it to dissolve many other polar substances and act as the solvent for the chemical reactions that take place within cells. Its hydrogen bonding properties give water high heat capacity and allow it to moderate temperatures while existing in solid, liquid, and gas forms. Solutions involve a solute substance dissolving evenly throughout a solvent, and acids and bases are defined by their relative amounts of hydronium and hydroxide ions which determine the pH level important for biological processes.
Water has a unique polar structure that allows it to dissolve many other polar substances and act as the solvent for the chemical reactions that take place within cells. Its hydrogen bonding properties give water high heat capacity and allow it to moderate temperatures while existing in solid, liquid, and gas forms. Solutions involve a solute substance dissolving evenly throughout a solvent, and acids and bases are defined by their relative amounts of hydronium and hydroxide ions which determine the pH level important for biological processes.
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1/ 27
2.
3 Water and Solutions Unit 2: Chemistry of Life Jellyfish and humans seem unlike each other, yet the bodies of both are made of cells that consist mostly water. The chemical reactions of all organisms take place in the aqueous environment of the cell. Water has several unique properties that make it one of the most important compounds found in organisms. Describe Describe the structure of a water molecule.
Explain how water's polar nature affects its ability to dissolve
Explain substances.
Outline the relationship between hydrogen bonding and the
Outline different properties of water.
Student Identify Identify the roles of solutes and solvents in solutions.
Objectives Differenti Differentiate between acids and bases. ate Polarity • In the water molecule (H20), hydrogen and oxygen atoms share electrons to form covalent bonds. • Water is called a polar compound because of its uneven distribution of charge. • The polar nature of water allows it to dissolve polar substances, such as Solubility of sugars, ionic compounds, and some Water proteins. • Ions are essential to bodily functions. Hydrogen Bonding • The polar nature of water also causes water molecules to attract each other. • A hydrogen bond is the force of attraction between a hydrogen molecule with a partial positive charge and another atom or molecule with a partial charge of full Hydrogen bonding in water
• Hydrogen bonding accounts for
some properties of water: • Cohesion and adhesion • Heat absorption • Cool surfaces with evaporation • Density of ice • Ability to dissolve many substances Cohesion • An attractive force that holds molecules of a single substance together is known as cohesion. • Upward movement of water in plants • Surface tension Adhesion • Adhesion is the attractive force between two particles of different substances. • A capillarity is the attraction between molecules that result in the rise of surface of a liquid when in contact with a solid. • Water has high heat capacity, which means that water can absorb or release relatively large amounts of energy in the form of heat with only Temperature a slight change in temperature. Moderation • Energy is absorbed breaking hydrogen bonds. • Energy is released creating hydrogen bonds. • Solid water (ice) is less dense than liquid water. Density • Ice crystals have large of Ice amounts of open space. • Because ice floats on water, ice insulates the water below from cold air. Solutions • A solution is a mixture in which one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance. • Solutions can be mixtures of liquids, solids, or gases. • A solute is a substance dissolved in the solvent. • A solvent is the substance in which the solute is dissolved. Proportion in Solutions • The concentration of a solution is the amounts of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of the solution. • A saturated solution is one in which no more solute can dissolve. Aqueous Solutions
• Solution in which water
is the solvent are universally important in living things. • Marine microorganisms • Nutrients in soil for plants • Intracellular fluids in cells Review Questions Polarity 1. Illustrate the structure of a water molecule by drawing a space-filling model. 2. Why is water called a polar molecule? Hydrogen Bonding 3. Identify the properties of water that are important for life to be able to exist. 4. Identify the solute and solvent in a hot chocolate solution that is made up of chocolate syrup and warm milk. 5. What is the relationship between hydrogen bonds and the forces of cohesion, adhesion and capillarity? Acids and Bases Most of the important aspects of a living system is the degree if its acidity or alkalinity. What do we mean when we use the terms acid and base? Ionization of Water • One molecule of water disassociates another water molecule into two ions of opposite charge. • The OH- ion is known as the hydroxide ion. • The free H+ ion can now react with another water molecule. • The H3O+ ion is the hydronium ion. • Acidity or alkalinity is a measure of the relative Acids amounts of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions and dissolved in a solution. Bases • If hydronium and hydroxide ions are equal the solution is neutral. Acids • If the number of hydronium ions in a solution is greater than the number of hydroxide ions, the solution is an acid. • Sour taste • Corrosiveness Bases
• A base is a solution that contains more
hydroxide ions than hydronium ions. • Alkaline refers to bases. • Bitter taste • Feel slippery pH • The pH scale is a scale for comparing the relative concentrations if hydronium and hydroxide ions in a solution. Buffers • The control of pH is important for living systems. • Stomach acid and Urine • Intestinal fluid and blood • Enzymes can function only within a very narrow pH range. • Buffers are chemical substances that neutralize small amounts of either an acid or a base added to a solution. Review Questions
Solutions 1. What is H30+? 2. Classify and acid and a base in regard to H30+. 3. Why does pure water have a neutral pH? 4. Outline a reason why the control of pH is important in living systems.
