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    47.1 Nonspecific Defenses: Chapter 47: The Body's Defense Systems

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    These symptoms could indicate a cold, flu, or other infection. Viruses typically cause colds and flu, so an antibiotic is unnecessary as it only treats bacterial infections. The body has nonspecific defenses against pathogens like the skin, mucus membranes, inflammatory response, white blood cells, fever, and proteins. Together these provide protection before and during infection by trapping, destroying, or inhibiting the growth of invading microbes.

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    47.1 Nonspecific Defenses: Chapter 47: The Body's Defense Systems

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    238 views19 pages
    These symptoms could indicate a cold, flu, or other infection. Viruses typically cause colds and flu, so an antibiotic is unnecessary as it only treats bacterial infections. The body has nonspecific defenses against pathogens like the skin, mucus membranes, inflammatory response, white blood cells, fever, and proteins. Together these provide protection before and during infection by trapping, destroying, or inhibiting the growth of invading microbes.

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    These symptoms could indicate a cold, flu, or other infection. Viruses typically cause colds and flu, so an antibiotic is unnecessary as it only treats bacterial infections. The body has nonspecific defenses against pathogens like the skin, mucus membranes, inflammatory response, white blood cells, fever, and proteins. Together these provide protection before and during infection by trapping, destroying, or inhibiting the growth of invading microbes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    238 views19 pages

    47.1 Nonspecific Defenses: Chapter 47: The Body's Defense Systems

    Uploaded by

    api-520057338
    These symptoms could indicate a cold, flu, or other infection. Viruses typically cause colds and flu, so an antibiotic is unnecessary as it only treats bacterial infections. The body has nonspecific defenses against pathogens like the skin, mucus membranes, inflammatory response, white blood cells, fever, and proteins. Together these provide protection before and during infection by trapping, destroying, or inhibiting the growth of invading microbes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 19

    47.

    1 NONSPECIFIC
    DEFENSES 
    Chapter 47: The body’s Defense Systems  
    DISEASES THAT ARE CAUSED BY
    AGENTS THAT HAVE INVADED
    THE BODY ARE CALLED
    INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 
    Summariz Summarize Koch’s postulates for identifying a disease-
    e causing agent.

    Describe how the skin and mucous membranes protect the


    Describe body against pathogens.

    Student Describe Describe the steps of the inflammatory response. 

    Objectives
    Analyze the roles of white blood cells in fighting
    Analyze pathogens. 

    Explain the functions of fever and proteins in fighting


    Explain pathogens.
    YOU WAKE UP ONE MORNING WITH A
    STUFFY NOSE, SLIGHT FEVER, AND
    FATIGUE. DO YOU HAVE A COLD OR THE
    FLU? OR ARE THEY THE SAME?
    SHOULD YOU GO TO YOUR DOCTOR FOR
    AN ANTIBIOTIC? WHY OR WHY NOT?
    ◦These are symptoms of some kind of infection. Waking up with
    these symptoms indicates that some pathogen has entered your body
    and has triggered an immune response. 
    ◦However, it is not clear whether you have a cold or the flu. Though
    they are both the result of a viral pathogen, a cold and flu are not
    the same. 
    ◦You should not see the doctor for an antibiotic because antibiotics
    are pharmaceutical drugs made to combat bacterial pathogens; they
    are useless against viruses. 
    GIVE EXAMPLES OF
    PATHOGENS THAT YOU
    KNOW. 
    Identifying Pathogens 
    ◦ A pathogen is any agent that causes
    disease. 
    ◦ Robert Koch (1843-1910) was the first
    person to establish a step-by-step procedure
    for identifying the particular pathogen that
    causes an infectious disease. He Studied
    and isolated anthrax- a bacteria born disease
    which affects cattle.
    ◦ Koch’s postulates are “rules” for
    determining the cause of the disease. 
    ◦ Scientists have used Koch’s postulates to
    identify thousands of pathogens.
    ◦ Pathogens can spread to human’s in five
    ways; air, food, water, person-to-person,
    and bites of animals.
    First line of
    Defense: Barriers
    ◦ The body’s nonspecific defenses help protect
    the body against any pathogens. 
    ◦ Nonspecific defenses include the skin and
    mucous membranes.
    ◦ The skin serves as a physical barrier to
    pathogens. In addition, the skin releases sweat,
    oil, and waxes. 
    ◦ Mucous membranes are epithelial tissues that
    protect the interior surfaces of the body.
    Mucous membranes serve as a barrier and
    secrete mucus, a sticky fluid that traps
    pathogens.
    Second line of Defense:
    Nonspecific Immunity

    ◦ If a pathogen gets past the skin and the


    mucous membranes, there is a second
    line of nonspecific defense inside the
    body – nonspecific immunity. 
    ◦ Nonspecific immunity includes an
    inflammatory response, the temperature
    response, and proteins.
    ◦ Any pathogen that gets past the skin or mucous membranes will
    Inflammatory stimulate the inflammatory response, a series of events that suppress
    infection and speed recovery. 
    Response 1.Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound that increases blood
    flow to the injured area and increases the permeability of surrounding
    capillaries. The changes result in redness, swelling, warmth, and pain.
    2.Fluids and WBCs (phagocytes) pass through capillary wall to the
    injured area. 
    3.Phagocytes ingest and destroy pathogens and foreign matter.
    Leukocytes
    ◦ The neutrophil is the most abundant type of
    phagocyte in the body. 
    ◦ Neutrophils circulate through blood vessels, and
    they can squeeze through capillary walls to reach the
    infection site. They ingest pathogens they may
    encounter. 
    ◦ The macrophage engulfs pathogens and cellular
    debris. Some are stationed in body tissues, while
    others seek out pathogens.
    ◦ Natural killer cells are large white blood cells that
    attack pathogen-infected cells. Natural killer cells
    are effective at killing cancer cells and virus-infected
    cells.
    Temperature Response

    ◦ When the body begins to fight pathogens,


    body temperature may increase several
    degrees.
    ◦ A rise above the normal temperature (37 ◦C)
    is called a fever. A fever is a symptom of
    illness that the body is responding to an
    infection. 
    ◦ A moderate fever may slow bacterial and
    viral growth and promote white blood cell
    activity. 
    Proteins
    ◦ Proteins also provide nonspecific response.
    ◦ About 20 different proteins make up the
    complement system. 
    ◦ Complement proteins circulate in the blood
    and become active when they encounter
    certain pathogens.
    ◦ Another nonspecific defense is interferon, a
    protein released by cells infected with
    viruses. Interferon causes nearby cells to
    make a protein that helps them resist viral
    infection. 
    1. Explain how Koch tested his hypothesis
    about the cause of anthrax.
    2. How does the body’s first line of defense
    function?
    3. What role does greater permeability of
    Review capillaries play in the inflammatory
    response?
    Questions 4. How do natural killer cells differ from
    macrophages?
    5. What is the role of interferon?
    6. Should a fever always be treated? Why
    or why not?
    ◦ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XP-WXL
    snMjY

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