3 Energy
3 Energy
3 Energy
Thermodynamic
Energy and Energy Transfer
• Energy can exist in numerous forms such as thermal, mechanical,
kinetic, potential, electric, magnetic, chemical, and nuclear, and
their sum constitutes the total energy E of a system.
• Thermodynamics provides no information about the absolute value
of the total energy. It deals only with the change of the total
energy, which is what matters in engineering problems.
• The macroscopic forms of energy are those a system possesses
as a whole with respect to some outside reference frame.
• The microscopic forms of energy are those related to the
molecular structure of a system and the degree of the molecular
activity, and they are independent of outside reference frames.
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Energy forms
The magnetic, electric, and surface tension effects are significant only in
some specialized cases and are usually ignored.
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Energy forms
Control volumes typically involve fluid flow for long periods of time,
and it is convenient to express the energy flow associated with a fluid
stream in the rate form.
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Energy forms
• A control volume can also exchange energy via mass transfer since
any time mass is transferred into or out of a system, the energy
content of the mass is also transferred with it.
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Heat & Work
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Mechanical Energy
• Many engineering systems are designed to transport a fluid from one
location to another at a specified flow rate, velocity, and elevation
difference, and the system may generate mechanical work in a
turbine or it may consume mechanical work in a pump or fan during
this process.
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Mechanical Energy
Example
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Energy Transfer by Heat
• There cannot be any heat transfer between two systems that are at
the same temperature.
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Energy Transfer by Work
Ex: A rising piston, a rotating shaft, and an electric wire crossing the
system boundaries are all associated with work interactions.
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Energy Transfer by Work
As a form of energy, heat has energy units, kJ (or Btu) being the most
common one.
Heat and work are directional quantities, and thus the complete
description of a heat or work interaction requires the specification of
both the magnitude and direction.
Heat transfer from a system and work done on a system are negative.
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Energy Transfer by Work
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Energy Transfer by Work
• Path functions have inexact differentials designated by the symbol
δ. Therefore, a differential amount of heat or work is represented
by δQ or δW, respectively, instead of dQ or dW.
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Examples
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Examples
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Examples
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Forms of Work
Electrical Work
Electrons crossing the system boundary do electrical work on the
system. In an electric field, electrons in a wire move under the effect
of electromotive forces, doing work.
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Forms of Work
Mechanical Work
There are several different ways of doing work, each in some way
related to a force acting through a distance.
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Forms of Work
Mechanical Work
Shaft Work
Energy transmission with a rotating shaft
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Forms of Work
Mechanical Work
Shaft Work
Determine the power transmitted through the shaft of a car when the
torque applied is 200 N · m and the shaft rotates at a rate of 4000
revolutions per minute (rpm).
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Forms of Work
Mechanical Work
Spring Work
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Forms of Work
Mechanical Work
Elastic solid bars
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Forms of Work
Mechanical Work
Stretching of a Liquid Film
Surface tension
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Exercise
During this process, part of the boundary (the inner face of the piston)
moves back and forth.
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the area under the process curve on
a P-v diagram is equal, in magnitude,
to the work done during a quasi-
equilibrium expansion or
compression process of a closed
system.
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Difference between these two is the net
work done during the cycle
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A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.4 m3 of air at 100 kPa and
80°C. The air is now compressed to 0.1 m3 in such a way that the
temperature inside the cylinder remains constant. Determine the work
done during this process.
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Polytropic Process
During actual expansion and compression processes of gases,
pressure and volume are often related
Ideal gas
n=1
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A piston–cylinder device contains 0.05 m3 of a gas initially at 200 kPa.
At this state, a linear spring that has a spring constant of 150 kN/m is
touching the piston but exerting no force on it. Now heat is
transferred to the gas, causing the piston to rise and to compress the
spring until the volume inside the cylinder doubles. If the cross-
sectional area of the piston is 0.25 m2, determine (a) the final
pressure inside the cylinder, (b) the total work done by the gas, and
(c) the fraction of this work done against the spring to compress it.
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References
[1] Cengel, Y., Introduction to thermidynamics and heat transfer,
Second edition, Mc Graw Hill, United states, 2008.