Lecture2 1

2013-08-30
All about energy

So far we learned some basic terminology so we can speak intelligently about thermodynamics, and now well learn more about what its all about: energy. - Forms of energy (5) -Energy and Work (2) - Forms of work (6)
G. Bramesfeld
AER 309 Thermodynamics
v1.0
Ryerson University
Forms of energy (1)

Energy can exist in many forms thermal, mechanical, kinetic, potential, electric, magnetic, chemical, and nuclear. Their sum constitutes the total energy, E, of a system. thermodynamics deals with the change in total energy in general, we separate energy into two groups according to their form macroscopic: those forms a system possesses as a whole with respect to an outside reference frame, such as kinetic or potential energies microscopic: those forms related to the molecular The macroscopic energy of an object structure of a system and to the degree of molecular changes with velocity and elevation. activity, independent of outside reference frames Internal energy, U: sum of all microscopic forms of energy Kinetic energy, KE: energy that a system possesses as a result of its motion relative to some outside reference frame Potential energy, PE: energy that a system possesses as a result of its elevation in a gravitational field
G. Bramesfeld AER 309 Thermodynamics v1.0 Ryerson University
2013-08-30
Forms of energy (2)

Kinetic energy Kinetic energy per unit mass Potential energy Potential energy per unit mass Total energy per unit mass Mass flow rate Energy flow rate
This is also called power Total energy of a system Energy of a system per unit mass
G. Bramesfeld
v1.0
Ryerson University
Forms of energy (3)

Some physical insight into internal energy: Sensible energy: The portion of the internal energy of a system associated with the kinetic energies of the molecules. Latent energy: The internal energy associated with the phase of a system. Chemical energy: The internal energy associated with the atomic bonds in a molecule. Nuclear energy: The tremendous amount of energy associated with the strong bonds within the nucleus of the atom itself.
v1.0 Ryerson University
The various forms of microscopic energies that make up sensible energy.

G. Bramesfeld
The internal energy of a system is the sum of all forms of the microscopic energies.
2013-08-30
Forms of energy (4)

the total energy of a system can be contained or stored in a system, and is viewed as the static forms of energy forms of energy not stored in a system can be viewed as the dynamic forms of energy, or energy interactions dynamic forms of energy are recognized at the system boundary as they cross it, and they represent the energy gained or lost by a system during a process the only two forms of energy interactions associated with a closed system are heat transfer and work
The macroscopic kinetic energy is an organized form of energy and is much more useful than the disorganized microscopic kinetic energies of the molecules.
the difference between heat transfer and work: an energy interaction is heat transfer if its driving force is temperature; otherwise, energy crossing the boundary is classified as work
Energy and Work (1)

We know from mechanics that We can use work to store kinetic or potential energy in a body Stored kinetic or potential energy can be released to do work Energy can be transformed from one form to another using work This suggests that there exists and accounting for the balance of energy and work: Thermodynamics is concerned with all forms of work.
G. Bramesfeld
v1.0
Ryerson University
2013-08-30
Energy and Work (2)

Since work transforms energy forms, both have the same units: Joule (J=Nm) British Thermal Unit (BTU=778 ftlbs) Sign convention (allows to determine net output of a system): W > 0 is work done by the system on the surroundings W < 0 is work done to the system on the surroundings In thermodynamics, work is done by the system on its surroundings if the sole effect on everything external to the system could have been the raising of a weight. Note that no actual weight needs to be raised.
G. Bramesfeld
v1.0
Ryerson University
Forms of Work (1)

There are two requirements for a work interaction between a system and its surroundings to exist: 1. there must be a force acting on the boundary 2. the boundary must move Work = Force Distance When force is not constant
The work done is proportional to the force applied (F) and the distance traveled (s).
2013-08-30
Forms of Work (2)

Work done to raise or to accelerate a body (change its energy forms) 1. The work transfer needed to raise a body is equal to the change in potential energy of the body 2. The work transfer needed to accelerate a body is equal to the change in kinetic energy of the body 3. Units are Joule (J=Nm) or British Thermal Unit (BTU=778 ftlbs), same as for energy Non-mechanical Forms of Work: Electrical work: The generalized force is the voltage (the electrical potential) and the generalized displacement is the electrical charge. Magnetic work: The generalized force is the magnetic field strength and the generalized displacement is the total magnetic dipole moment. Electrical polarization work: The generalized force is the electric field strength and the generalized displacement is the polarization of the medium.
G. Bramesfeld AER 309 Thermodynamics v1.0
The energy transferred to a body while being raised is equal to the change in its potential energy.
Ryerson University
Forms of Work (3)

One of the more popular forms of mechanical work is shaft work A force F acting through a moment arm r generates a torque T This force acts through a distance s
Shaft work is proportional to the torque applied and the number of revolutions of the shaft.
The power transmitted through the shaft is the shaft work done per unit time
Energy transmission through rotating shafts is commonly encountered in practice.
2013-08-30
Forms of Work(4)
As discussed in the previously, shaft work per unit time is equal to the power transmitted through a shaft:
More generally speaking, power is the rate of work or the rate at which work is done (Thus the derivative with respect to time of work). The units are Watt (W=Nm/s) or horsepower (hp=BTU/hr). Electrical power is Work can be added to or extracted from as system:
G. Bramesfeld
v1.0
Ryerson University
Forms of Work(5)
Work of a Process The total amount of work W done during a process which transforms a system from state 1 to state 2 can be determined by integrating the differential of work W occurring during the process: called inexact differential Expansion or Compression Work: Consider fluid in a piston-cylinder assembly where piston is moved infinitismal distance dx. Change in volume is dV = Adx Pressure of fluid is p Force on piston is pA Expansion if dV > 0 (dx > 0) Compression if dV < 0 (dx < 0) called exact differential
The differential work involved moving the cylinder is: Thus the work due to a change in volume from sate 1 to state 2 is:
2013-08-30
Forms of Work(6)
More Assumptions and Definitions Quasiequilibrium Expansion or Compression A quasiequilibrium process assumes that the process passes through equilibrium states. This implies all intensive properties are uniform throughout the fluid (e.g. not density variation). Expansion occurs slow enough to allow intensive properties to remain equalized (which, for example, is not during combustions, yet we often still assume). Uniform pressure throughout the fluid including at the cylinder surface
Polytropic Process A polytropic process is a quasiequilibrium process where n 0 is a constant
G. Bramesfeld
v1.0
Ryerson University

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2013-08-30

All about energy

AER 309 Thermodynamics

Forms of energy (1)

Forms of energy (2)

AER 309 Thermodynamics

Forms of energy (3)

The various forms of microscopic energies that make up sensible energy.

AER 309 Thermodynamics

Forms of energy (4)

Energy and Work (1)

AER 309 Thermodynamics

Energy and Work (2)

AER 309 Thermodynamics

Forms of Work (1)

Forms of Work (2)

Forms of Work (3)

AER 309 Thermodynamics

Polytropic Process A polytropic process is a quasiequilibrium process where n 0 is a constant

AER 309 Thermodynamics

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