EG-262 Section Properties

Stress Analysis 1
EG-262
Section Properties and Bending

Lecture Content
• Centroid
• Second moment of area
• Decomposition of sections
• Parallel axis theorem
• Principal axis
• Stresses due to bending
• Symmetric bending
• Unsymmetrical (skew bending)
• Shear centre
• Torsion of circular sections
How do we calculate
stresses due to bending?
Choose position along beam
Define section
Locate centroid
Determine the second moment of area
Calculate stresses
Why do we need to
define the centroid?
Centroid
First Moment of Area
The first moment of area is a measure of the distribution of

area (also mass for uniform density) relative to an axis
First
moment of area about the x-axis:
First moment of area about the y-axis:

The centroid is the point at which the
first moment of area goes to zero
for any orthogonal axis system
Locating the Centroid

Example
Locate the centroid for the below shape:
Second Moment of Area
(moment of inertia)
The second moment of area is a section property and is a

measure of how far away the material is located from the
neutral axis and therefore its resistance to bending.
The second moments of area must be taken relative to the

centroid.

and are always positive, but can be positive or negative.

Some useful facts…
For a circular section of diameter D:
𝜋 𝐷4 𝜋 𝐷4
𝐼= ∧𝐽 =
64 32
For a rectangular section:

Parallel Axis Theorem
y
total
section ❑ x
2
centroid 𝐼 𝑥𝑥 =∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝐴
1
𝐴1
y y1
1 subsection
centroid x1
total
section x
centroid

y y1
1 subsection
x1c centroid x1
y1c – offset in y
total
section x
centroid ❑

𝐼 𝑥𝑥 =∫ ( 𝑦 1 𝑐 + 𝑦 1 )2 𝑑𝐴
1
𝐴1

Example (continued)
Calculate and
Principal Axis
For the rectangle we saw that due to symmetry, the product

second moment of area was zero.
There always exists an orientation of the coordinate system such

that . The associated coordinate axes are called the principal
directions of the cross section.
A principal axis is one where bending about one axis does not
result in any deflection (and hence stress/strain) perpendicular to
that axis. There is no interaction between the two axes.
It follows that every axis of symmetry is a principal axis.

Principal Axis
It can be shown that:
2 𝐼 𝑥𝑦
tan 2 𝜃=
( 𝐼 𝑦𝑦 − 𝐼 𝑥𝑥 )
is the angle of the principal axes relative to the x and y axes
Principal Axis
The second moments of area about principal axes, and :
𝐼 1 1
𝑢 ,𝑣 = ( 𝐼 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐼 𝑦𝑦 ) ± ( 𝐼 𝑥𝑥 − 𝐼 𝑦𝑦 ) sec 2𝜃
2 2
1 1 2 2
𝐼 𝑢 ,𝑣 = ( 𝐼 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐼 𝑦𝑦 ) ±
2 2 √( 𝐼 𝑥𝑥 − 𝐼 𝑦𝑦 ) + 4 𝐼 𝑥𝑦
Note and are always positive

Example (continued)
Calculate the second moments of area about principal

axes, for the shape considered previously
Example (continued) - solution
23mm
38mm
28.95⁰
Stresses due to bending
Symmetric Bending
Symmetric Bending
Simple theory of elastic bending:
bending moment bending stress Young’s modulus

¿ ¿
second moment of area distance from N.A. radius of curvature
Symmetric Bending
𝜎 = 𝑀𝑦
𝐼
Cantilever Beam

Simply Supported Beam

Built-in Beam

Example
A 50mm by 50mm square section steel cantilever beam

is 1m long and supports an end load of 100N.
Calculate the maximum bending stress and the

maximum deflection in the beam.
Assume a Young’s modulus of 210GPa.

Unsymmetric Bending
𝑀𝑢 𝑀𝑣
𝜎𝐴= 𝑣 𝐴+ 𝑢𝐴
𝐼𝑢 𝐼𝑣
𝑢 𝐴 = 𝑥 𝐴 cos 𝜃+ 𝑦 𝐴 sin 𝜃
𝑣 𝐴 = 𝑦 𝐴 cos 𝜃 − 𝑥 𝐴 sin 𝜃
Unsymmetric Bending
𝑀 𝑣 𝐼𝑢
tan 𝛼 𝑁𝐴 =−
𝑀𝑢 𝐼𝑣
Example (continued)
Calculate the bending stress

at Point if
Shear Centre
We define the shear centre as that point in

the cross-section through which the applied
loads produce no twisting. To apply the
previous equations, the applied load must
act through the shear centre of the section.
Torsion of Circular Sections
𝑇𝜏 𝐺𝜃
= =
𝐽 𝑟 𝐿
𝑇𝑟
𝜏=
𝐽
Example
A 2m length of 20mm diameter steel bar is subjected to

a torque of 500 Nm.
Calculate the maximum shear stress and the angle of

twist.
Assume a Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of

210GPa and 0.3

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Stress Analysis 1

Section Properties and Bending

The first moment of area is a measure of the distribution of

First moment of area about the y-axis:

The second moment of area is a section property and is a

The second moments of area must be taken relative to the

and are always positive, but can be positive or negative.

For a rectangular section:

For the rectangle we saw that due to symmetry, the product

There always exists an orientation of the coordinate system such

It follows that every axis of symmetry is a principal axis.

It can be shown that:

The second moments of area about principal axes, and :

Note and are always positive

Calculate the second moments of area about principal

Simple theory of elastic bending:

bending moment bending stress Young’s modulus

A 50mm by 50mm square section steel cantilever beam

Calculate the maximum bending stress and the

Assume a Young’s modulus of 210GPa.

Calculate the bending stress

We define the shear centre as that point in

A 2m length of 20mm diameter steel bar is subjected to

Calculate the maximum shear stress and the angle of

Assume a Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of

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