BCV 108

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
Lectures 6 & 7
• Bending stresses in beams
• Shear stresses in beams
• Complimentary shear stresses
• Shear strain & shear modulus
• Equation of bending
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 BENDING IN BEAMS

• Bending moments are induced in a beam by an

applied load system.

• These bending moments generate bending

stresses in the material fibres.

• These bending stresses vary from a maximum

in the extreme fibres to a minimum at the level
of the neutral axis.

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BENDING IN BEAMS

3
 BENDING IN BEAMS
Consider a section of the beam below, loaded P

Before bending

After bending 4
Bending stress block
 BENDING IN BEAMS
Consider a section of the beam below, loaded P

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BENDING IN BEAMS

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 BENDING IN BEAMS
Let σ = the stress in the fibre PQ.
E = the Modulus of elasticity of the material
y = distance from the neutral axis
R = Radius of curvature

Hence,
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 BENDING IN BEAMS
Position of Neutral Axis
• Consider a beam of arbitrary cross-section as shown below
• Let δa = an elemental area at a distance y from the neutral
axis, and the bending stress on the element = σ.

Force on the elemental area = 𝝈𝜹𝒂

Force over the entire cross-section of the beam = 𝝈𝜹𝒂
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 BENDING IN BEAMS

From equilibrium consideration, there is no axial force on

the beam, hence, the axial above force equal zero
𝑬
is constant for a given section, hence 𝒚𝜹𝒂 = 𝟎
𝑹

The total area is concentrated at the centroid, hence

𝐴𝑦 = 𝒚𝜹𝒂
Therefore, 𝐴𝑦 = 0 9
 BENDING IN BEAMS
Relationship between Moment and Radius of Curvature

Consider an elemental area δa from the neutral axis of a

beam shown above
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 BENDING IN BEAMS
Relationship between Moment and Radius of Curvature

The force on the elemental area,

Moment of resistance (M) offered by this elemental area

about the neutral axis is given by

Total moment M offered by the cross-sectional area of beam

hence 11
 BENDING IN BEAMS
Relationship between Moment and Radius of Curvature
is the moment of inertia I of the beam section
about the neutral axis.

Hence,

Thus, the BENDING EQUATION

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 BENDING IN BEAMS
From the bending theories, the bending equation is
derived:

M = applied bending moment

E = Young’s modulus (modulus of elasticity)
R = radius of curvature of the beam
σ = the bending stress
y = the distance from the neutral axis to the point on the
cross-section, where the stress is being evaluated
I = second moment of area of the full cross-section
about the neutral axis.
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 BENDING IN BEAMS
The bending equation can be broken down and
expressed in different forms, depending on the
problem to being solved
𝑀 σ
=
𝐼 𝑦

𝑀𝑦
σ= , 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐼
𝐸 𝑀 1 𝑀 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑛
= ⇔ =
𝑅 𝐼 𝑅 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝑖𝑠 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦
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 Question 1
The cross-section of a rectangular beam shown below is
subjected to a bending moment of 2.0kNm. For y values
(-100 ≤ y ≤ 100) at 25mm intervals, determine the
bending stress distribution throughout the depth of the
section and sketch the bending stress block.

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 Solution to Q1
The bending stress at any distance, y, from the neutral
axis is given as:
𝑀𝑦
𝜎=
𝐼
𝑀 = 2.0𝑘𝑁𝑚 = 2 × 106 𝑁𝑚𝑚

𝑏𝑑 3 50 × 2003
𝐼= = = 33.33 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
12 12

Consider the bending stress at y values of 100mm, 75mm,

50mm, 25mm, 0, -25mm, -50mm, -75mm and -100mm
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Solution to Q1 cont’d…

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Solution to Q1 cont’d…

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 Moment carrying capacity of a section
From equation of flexure,

• Bending stress is maximum on the extreme top and

bottom fibres of the beam where y is maximum
• In design of beam, the extreme fibre stress should not
exceed the allowable/permissible stress of the material
• If 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 is the allowable stress for bending, and M is
taken as the maximum moment carrying capacity of the
section, then for a safe design,

then, 19
 Moment carrying capacity of a section
The ratio of the moment of inertia I to the extreme fibre
distance y for a given cross-section of a beam is constant,
and is known as Section Modulus (Z). Thus the moment
carrying capacity of a beam is given by:
𝑰
𝒁=
𝒚𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑀 𝑀𝑝
Elastic modulus, Z = Plastic modulus, S =
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤

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 Section Modulus
• Section Modulus - Represents the strength of the
section

• Section Modulus of Sections of Standard Geometry

Rectangular Section

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 Section Modulus
Rectangular Hollow Section

Circular Section

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 Section Modulus
Circular Hollow Section

Circular Section

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 Question 2
The I-section shown below is 10m long and simply
supported. It carries a uniform load of 4kN/m over the
entire span. Calculate the maximum bending stresses.

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 Solution to Question 2
Moment of inertia (I)

Maximum bending moment (M) at centre of beam

𝑤𝑙 2 4 × 102
𝑀= = = 50𝑘𝑁𝑚 = 5 × 107 𝑁𝑚𝑚
8 8
The distance to top and bottom fibres from the neutral axis,
y = 330mm
Thus, maximum bending stress at top and bottom fibres, σ

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 Question 3

The internal diameter of a 10mm thick steel pipe water

main is 1000mm and running full. If the maximum
bending stress is 56 N/mm2, calculate the maximum span
on which the pipe may be freely supported. The unit
weight for steel and water are 76800N/m3 and 10000N/m3
respectively.

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Solution to Question 3

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 Solution to Question 3 cont’d…

𝑤𝑙 2 10347.978𝑙2
𝑀= = = 1293.497𝑙 2 𝑁𝑚 28
8 8
 Solution to Question 3 cont’d…
Moment of inertia (I) of the pipe section about the neutral
axis

From the flexural formula,

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 SHEAR STRESSES
• Shear stresses occur as a result of applied of shear
forces
• Unbalanced normal or direct stresses may cause
shear stresses.
• Shear stress tends to cause deformation of a
material by slippage along the plane(s) parallel to the
imposed shear force
• Bending moment and its variations can also cause
shear stress
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SHEAR STRESSES

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 COMPLIMENTARY SHEAR STRESSES
• The shear forces induced in a beam by an applied
load system generate shear stresses in both the
horizontal and vertical directions.
• At any point in an elastic body, the shear stresses
in two mutually perpendicular directions are equal
to each other in magnitude.
• These two shear stresses are equal and
complementary.

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 COMPLIMENTARY SHEAR STRESSES

The average shear stress for a cross-section is equal to

the applied shear force distributed uniformly over the
entire cross-section 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 33
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
 SHEAR STRESSES
The shear stress (𝜏) at any point within the vertical
cross-section on a beam can be determined using:
𝑉𝐴ȳ 𝑉𝑄
𝜏= 𝜏= where:
𝐼𝑏 𝐼𝑏
V = vertical shear force at the section being considered
A = area of the cross-section above or below the point
ȳ = distance from neutral axis to the centroid of the area A
b = the breadth of the beam
I = moment of inertia
Q = Aȳ is the the first moment of the area between the
location where the shear stress is being calculated and the
neutral (centroidal) axis. Q is also known as the shear flow.
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 SHEAR STRAIN
The action of shear stress on a material causes
shear strain (𝜶). Shear strain is measured (in
radians) as the angular distortion of a small
rectangular element of a material.

The shear strain, 𝜶 is defined as the ratio of the

horizontal displacement to the height of the block
𝛿𝑥
𝜶= 35
ℎ
 SHEAR STRESSES

• In design of structures, the structural engineer

estimates the shear stresses (maximum stress) within
the structural member
• This maximum shear stress is then compared with the
maximum allowable shear stress.

• Allowable shear stresses are specified in design codes.

• For example, in reinforced concrete design, the BS

8110-1 in 3.5.5.2 recommends that the design shear
stress should not exceed 0.8 𝑓𝑐𝑢 or 5𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
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 Question 4
The rectangular beam 50mm x 200mm is subjected to a
vertical shear force of 3.0kN. Determine the shear stress
distribution throughout the depth of the section.

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 Solution to Q4
The shear stress at any vertical level a distance y
from the neutral axis is given by:

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 Solution to Q4 cont’d…
Consider the shear stress at a number of values of y,
@ y = 100 mm, A y = 0 (since A = 0), thus

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Solution to Q4 cont’d…

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Solution to Q4 cont’d…

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 Solution to Q4 cont’d…

Thus, the cross-section (the shear stress diagram)

is symmetrical about the elastic neutral axis,
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 Solution to Q4 cont’d…

Shear stress distribution

For a rectangular section:

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Maximum shear stresses for various cross-sections

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Maximum shear stresses for various cross-sections

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Shear stresses distribution for various cross-sections

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 Question 5
The figure shows a cross-
section through a reinforced
concrete footing 2.5m x 2.5m x
0.5m. The load transmitted
down the column has induced
a uniform pressure of
200kN/m2 under the footing.
Calculate the average stress at
section X-X, if the allowable
shear stress is 0.5N/mm2.
State whether or not the shear
stress is acceptable.
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 Solution to Q5
Area of base to the right of section X-X

= 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑋 − 𝑋

2.5
= 2.5 × − 0.5 = 1.875m2
2

𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑋 − 𝑋

= 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑋 − 𝑋

= 200 × 1.875 = 375𝑘𝑁
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 Solution to Q5
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑋 − 𝑋

𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑋 − 𝑋 375 × 103

= = = 0.3𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2500 × 500

0.3𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 < 0.5𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 (0.3𝑁/𝑚𝑚2) is less 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛

𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 (0.5𝑁/𝑚𝑚2),
sℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
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