EG-262 Stress Analysis 1

5. Cylinders Under Pressure

5.1 Introduction
When a cylinder is subjected to pressure, three mutually perpendicular principal stresses will be
set up within the walls of the cylinder:

 Hoop or circumferential stress, 𝜎𝜃

 Longitudinal or axial stress, 𝜎𝐿
 Radial stress, 𝜎𝑟

5.2 Thin cylinders subjected to internal pressure

A cylinder is considered to be ‘thin’ if the ratio of the inner diameter to the thickness of the
walls is > 20:

𝐷𝑖
> 20
𝑡
This being the case, we can assume for the following anaylsis (with a reasonable level of
accuracy) that both the hoop and longitudinal stresses are constant across the wall thickness
and that the radial stress is so small in magnitude compared to the hoop and longitudinal
stresses that it can be neglected in our analysis. This is clearly an approximation and in practice
the radial stress will vary between the pressures at the inner and outer diameters. i.e. for
internal pressure only, the radial stress will vary from zero at the outside surface to a value
equal to the internal pressure at the inside surface.

𝜎𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝜎𝐿 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝜎𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒

Note: no shear stresses are generated

1
5.2.1 Hoop Stress, 𝜎𝜃
This describes the stress which is set up to resist the force, due to the applied pressure, tending
to separate the top and bottom halves of the cylinder.

The total force on half of the cylinder due to the internal pressure is given by:

𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 × 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑝𝑖 × 𝑑 × 𝐿

The total resisting force due to the hoop stress, 𝜎𝜃 , established in the cylinder walls is given by:

2𝜎𝜃 × 𝐿 × 𝑡

Equating these:
𝑝𝑖 𝑑𝐿 = 2𝜎𝜃 𝐿𝑡

Therefore:
𝑝𝑖 𝑑𝐿 𝑝𝑖 𝑑
𝐻𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎𝜃 = = (5.1)
2𝐿𝑡 2𝑡

2
5.2.2 Longitudinal Stress, 𝜎𝐿
Consider the cross section of a thin cylinder as shown below.

The total force acting on the end of the cylinder due to the internal pressure is given by:

𝜋𝑑 2
2
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 × 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑝𝑖 × 𝜋 × 𝑟 = 𝑝𝑖 ×
4

The area of the cylinder material that is resisting this force is given by:

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝜋𝑑𝑡

Therefore, the longitudinal stress, 𝜎𝐿 , set up is given by:

𝑝𝑖 𝜋𝑑 2 2
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 4 = 𝑝𝑖 𝜋𝑑 = 𝑝𝑖 𝑑
𝜎𝐿 = =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝜋𝑑𝑡 4𝜋𝑑𝑡 4𝑡

𝑝𝑖 𝑑
𝜎𝐿 = (5.2)
4𝑡

3
5.2.3 Strain and Changes in Dimensions

Change in Length:
The change in length of a thin cylinder can be determined from the longitudinal strain (we
neglect the radial stress):
1
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = (𝜎𝐿 − 𝑣𝜎𝜃 )
𝐸

𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝛿𝐿 = 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝜀𝐿 × 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝐿

1 1 𝑝𝑖 𝑑 𝑝𝑖 𝑑
𝛿𝐿 = (𝜎𝐿 − 𝑣𝜎𝜃 )𝐿 = ( −𝑣 )𝐿
𝐸 𝐸 4𝑡 2𝑡

𝑝𝑖 𝑑
𝛿𝐿 = (1 − 2𝑣)𝐿 (5.3)
4𝑡𝐸

Change in Diameter:
In the same way as above, we can determine the change in diameter from strain acting on the
diameter, the diametral strain.

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

We can find the change in diameter by considering the circumferential change. The stress
acting around the circumference is the hoop or circumferential stress, 𝜎𝜃 giving rise to the
circumferential strain 𝜀𝜃 .

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 × 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝛿𝐶 = 𝜀𝜃 × 𝜋𝑑

The new circumference is given by:

𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝜋𝑑 + 𝜋𝑑𝜀𝜃 = 𝜋𝑑(1 + 𝜀𝜃 )

And it can be seen that this describes the circumference of a circle of diameter 𝑑(1 + 𝜀𝜃 ).

𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑑(1 + 𝜀𝜃 )

4
So:
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑑𝜀𝜃
Therefore:

𝑑𝜀𝜃
𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = = 𝜀𝜃
𝑑

Thus demonstrating that the diametral strain is equal to the hoop strain.

Therefore:
𝑑 𝑑 𝑝𝑖 𝑑 𝑝𝑖 𝑑
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝛿𝑑 = 𝑑𝜀𝜃 = (𝜎𝜃 − 𝑣𝜎𝐿 ) = ( −𝑣 )
𝐸 𝐸 2𝑡 4𝑡

𝑝𝑖 𝑑 2
𝛿𝑑 = (2 − 𝑣) (5.4)
4𝑡𝐸

Change in Internal Volume

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 × 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

Given that:

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠

1 2
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝜀𝐿 + 2𝜀𝜃 = (𝜎𝐿 − 𝑣𝜎𝜃 ) + (𝜎𝜃 − 𝑣𝜎𝐿 )
𝐸 𝐸

1 1
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = (𝜎𝐿 − 𝑣𝜎𝜃 + 2𝜎𝜃 − 2𝑣𝜎𝐿 ) = (𝜎𝐿 + 2𝜎𝜃 − 𝑣(𝜎𝜃 + 2𝜎𝐿 ))
𝐸 𝐸

1 𝑝𝑖 𝑑 𝑝𝑖 𝑑 𝑝𝑖 𝑑 𝑝𝑖 𝑑 𝑝𝑖 𝑑
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = ( +2 −𝑣( +2 )) = (5 − 4𝑣)
𝐸 4𝑡 2𝑡 2𝑡 4𝑡 4𝑡𝐸

Therefore:

𝑝𝑖 𝑑
𝛿𝑉 = (5 − 4𝑣)𝑉 (5.5)
4𝑡𝐸

5
Example 1:
A thin cylinder 60mm internal diameter, 225mm long with walls 2.7mm thick is subjected to an
internal pressure of 6MN/m2. You may assume that 𝐸 = 200𝐺𝑁/𝑚2 and 𝑣 = 0.3. Calculate:

i. The hoop stress

ii. The longitudinal stress
iii. The change in length
iv. The change in diameter

Example 2:
A 1m long thin cylinder has an internal diameter of 200mm with a wall thickness of 3mm. If it
found to undergo a change to its internal volume of 9 × 10−6 𝑚3 when subject to an internal
pressure 𝑝. You may assume that 𝐸 = 210𝐺𝑁/𝑚2 and 𝑣 = 0.3. Calculate the hoop and
longitudinal stresses.

6
5.3 Thick cylinders under pressure
A cylinder is considered to be ‘thick’ if the ratio of the inner diameter to the thickness of the
walls is > 20:

𝐷𝑖
< 20
𝑡
When we considered thin cylinders, we assumed that the hoop stress was constant across the
thickness of the cylinder wall and we ignored any pressure gradient across the wall. When we
consider thick cylinders, these simplifications are no longer valid and we have to consider the
variation of both hoop and radial stresses. If the cylinder is long in comparison with its
diameter, the longitudinal stress is assumed to be uniform across the thickness of the cylinder
wall.

We have:

𝜎𝜃 = 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠

𝜎𝐿 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝜎𝑟 = 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠

When we consider theory for thick cylinders, we are concerning ourselves with sections that
are remote from the ends (the stress distribution around joints would make analysis at the ends
extremely complex). For sections removed from the ends, the applied pressure system is
symmetrical and all points on an annular element of the cylinder wall will be subject to the
same displacement, the amount being dependent on the radius of the element. As a
consequence, there will be no shearing stresses set up on transverse planes, which requires
that stresses on such planes are in fact the principal stresses.

In the same way, since the radial shape of the cylinder is maintained, there are no shear
stresses on the radial or tangential planes and again the stresses in such planes are principal
stresses.

Therefore, if we consider any element of in the wall of a thick cylinder, we will be looking at a
mutually perpendicular tri-axial stress system where the three stresses are as above – hoop,
longitudinal and radial.

7
5.3.1 Lame Theory for Thick Cylinders
For the following analysis, we will assume:

 The material is isotropic and homogeneous

 Longitudinal stresses in the cylinder wall are constant
 The thick walled cylinder can be considered as a large number of thin cylinders, thickness 𝛿𝑟
 The cylinder is subjected to uniform internal or external pressure (or both)

Consider the cylinder shown below of internal and external radii 𝑅𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑜 respectively. The
cylinder is subjected to internal and external pressures 𝑝𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜 respectively. Consider an
element of the cylinder cross section at radius 𝑟, subtending an angle 𝛿𝜃 at the centre.

The radial and hoop stresses on the element are 𝜎𝑟 and 𝜎𝜃 respectively and by equating these
radial forces over a unit of axial length for radial equilibrium gives:

𝛿𝜃
𝜎𝑟 𝑟𝛿𝜃 + 2𝜎𝜃 𝛿𝑟 sin = (𝜎𝑟 + 𝛿𝜎𝑟 )(𝑟 + 𝛿𝑟)𝛿𝜃
2

Recognising that:
𝛿𝜃 𝛿𝜃
sin →
2 2

𝛿𝜃
𝜎𝑟 𝑟𝛿𝜃 + 2𝜎𝜃 𝛿𝑟 = (𝜎𝑟 + 𝛿𝜎𝑟 )(𝑟 + 𝛿𝑟) 𝛿𝜃
2

𝜎𝑟 𝑟𝛿𝜃 + 𝜎𝜃 𝛿𝑟 𝛿𝜃 = (𝜎𝑟 + 𝛿𝜎𝑟 )(𝑟 + 𝛿𝑟) 𝛿𝜃

8
And dividing through by 𝑑𝜃:

𝜎𝑟 𝑟 + 𝜎𝜃 𝛿𝑟 = (𝜎𝑟 + 𝛿𝜎𝑟 )(𝑟 + 𝛿𝑟)

𝜎𝑟 𝑟 + 𝜎𝜃 𝛿𝑟 = 𝜎𝑟 𝑟 + 𝜎𝑟 𝛿𝑟 + 𝑟𝛿𝜎𝑟 + 𝛿𝜎𝑟 𝛿𝑟

Neglecting small terms:

𝜎𝑟 𝑟 + 𝜎𝜃 𝛿𝑟 = 𝜎𝑟 𝑟 + 𝜎𝑟 𝛿𝑟 + 𝑟𝛿𝜎𝑟

𝜎𝜃 𝛿𝑟 − 𝜎𝑟 𝛿𝑟 = 𝑟𝛿𝜎𝑟

𝛿𝜎𝑟
𝜎𝜃 − 𝜎𝑟 = 𝑟 equilibrium equation (5.6)
𝛿𝑟

We then need a further relationship to solve for 𝜎𝜃 and 𝜎𝑟 .

Assuming that plane sections remain plane, then:

𝜎𝐿 = constant
𝜀𝐿 = constant

No variation with 𝑧 or 𝑟.
1
𝜀𝐿 = (𝜎 − 𝑣[𝜎𝑟 + 𝜎𝜃 ])
𝐸 𝐿
Or:

𝜎𝐿 − 𝐸𝜀𝐿
𝜎𝑟 + 𝜎𝜃 =
𝑣

Since 𝜀𝐿 and 𝜎𝐿 are assumed to be constant across the section:

𝜎𝑟 + 𝜎𝜃 = constant = 2𝐴 (5.7)

From (5.6):
𝑑𝜎𝑟
𝜎𝜃 = 𝑟 +𝜎𝑟
𝑑𝑟
From (5.7):
𝜎𝜃 = 2𝐴 − 𝜎𝑟

9
Eliminating 𝜎𝜃 and integrating:

𝑑𝜎𝑟
2𝐴 − 𝜎𝑟 = 𝑟 +𝜎𝑟
𝑑𝑟

𝑑𝜎𝑟
2(𝐴 − 𝜎𝑟 ) = 𝑟
𝑑𝑟

𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜎𝑟
2∫ =∫
𝑟 (𝐴 − 𝜎𝑟 )

2 ln 𝑟 = − ln(𝐴 − 𝜎𝑟 ) + ln 𝐵
𝐵
𝑟2 =
(𝐴 − 𝜎𝑟 )

Therefore:
𝐵
𝜎𝑟 = 𝐴 − (5.8)
𝑟2
And in (5.7):

𝐵
𝜎𝜃 = 2𝐴 − 𝜎𝑟 = 2𝐴 − (𝐴 − )
𝑟2

𝐵
𝜎𝜃 = 𝐴 + (5.9)
𝑟2

We have assumed that 𝜎𝐿 is constant and it must be given by:

𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝜎𝐿 = (5.10)
𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

Equations (5.8) and (5.9) are Lame’s equations and by substituting the relevant boundary
conditions, we can determine the constants 𝐴 and 𝐵 and therefore find the radial and hoop
stresses at any point. Tensile stresses are regarded as positive and compressive stresses are
regarded as negative.

10
5.3.2 Internal pressure only
Consider a think cylinder subject to an internal pressure 𝑝𝑖 whereas the external pressure is
zero. We have the following boundary conditions:

At 𝑟 = 𝑅𝑖 , 𝜎𝑟 = −𝑝𝑖
At 𝑟 = 𝑅𝑜 , 𝜎𝑟 = 0

Note that the internal pressure is considered as a negative radial stress since it will produce
radial compression (thinning) of the cylinder walls and normal stress convention takes
compression as negative.

Using this in:

𝐵
𝜎𝑟 = 𝐴 −
𝑟2
We get:
𝐵
−𝑝𝑖 = 𝐴 −
𝑅𝑖 2
And:
𝐵
0=𝐴−
𝑅𝑜 2

Rearranging to give:
𝐵 𝐵
𝐴= 2 = −𝑝𝑖 +
𝑅𝑜 𝑅𝑖 2

𝐵 𝐵 (𝑅𝑜 2 − 𝑅𝑖 2 )
𝑝𝑖 = − =𝐵
𝑅𝑖 2 𝑅𝑜 2 𝑅𝑖 2 𝑅𝑜 2
Thus:
𝑝𝑖 𝑅𝑖 2 𝑅𝑜 2
𝐵=
(𝑅𝑜 2 − 𝑅𝑖 2 )
And:
𝐵 1 𝑝𝑖 𝑅𝑖 2 𝑅𝑜 2 𝑝𝑖 𝑅𝑖 2
𝐴= = =
𝑅𝑜 2 𝑅𝑜 2 (𝑅𝑜 2 − 𝑅𝑖 2 ) (𝑅𝑜 2 − 𝑅𝑖 2 )

Then:
𝐵
𝜎𝑟 = 𝐴 −
𝑟2

11
 𝑝𝑖 𝑅𝑖 2 1 𝑝𝑖 𝑅𝑖 2 𝑅𝑜 2 𝑝𝑖 𝑅𝑖 2 𝑅𝑜 2
𝜎𝑟 = − = (1 − 2 )
(𝑅𝑜 2 − 𝑅𝑖 2 ) 𝑟 2 (𝑅𝑜 2 − 𝑅𝑖 2 ) (𝑅𝑜 2 − 𝑅𝑖 2 ) 𝑟

2
𝑝𝑖 𝑅𝑖 2 𝑟 2 − 𝑅𝑜
𝜎𝑟 = ( ) (5.11)
(𝑅𝑜 2 − 𝑅𝑖 2 ) 𝑟2
And:

2
𝐵 𝑝𝑖 𝑅𝑖 2 𝑟 2 + 𝑅𝑜
𝜎𝜃 = 𝐴 + 2 = ( ) (5.12)
𝑟 (𝑅𝑜 2 − 𝑅𝑖 2 ) 𝑟2

The maximum values of both will occur at the inside radius.

12
5.3.3 Longitudinal Stress
Consider the cross-section of a thick cylinder with closed ends, subjected to an internal
pressure 𝑃𝑖 and an external pressure 𝑃𝑜 .

Longitudinal equilibrium gives:

𝜎𝐿 × 𝜋(𝑅𝑜 2 − 𝑅𝑖 2 ) = 𝑃𝑖 × 𝜋𝑅𝑖 2 − 𝑃𝑜 × 𝜋𝑅𝑜 2

Where 𝜎𝐿 is the longitudinal stress set up in the cylinder walls.

𝑃𝑖 𝑅𝑖 2 − 𝑃𝑜 𝑅𝑜 2
𝜎𝐿 = = constant (5.13)
(𝑅𝑜 2 − 𝑅𝑖 2 )

It can be shown that this constant has the same value as 𝐴 in the Lame equations.

In the case of internal pressure only, when 𝑃𝑜 = 0 this simplifies to:

𝑃𝑖 𝑅𝑖 2
𝜎𝐿 = (5.14)
(𝑅𝑜 2 − 𝑅𝑖 2 )

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5.3.4 Maximum Shear Stress
We have acknowledged that the stresses on an element at any point in a thick cylinder wall are
in fact principal stresses. It can therefore be seen that the maximum shear stress at any point
will be given by:

𝜎1 − 𝜎3
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2

That is half of the difference between the maximum and minimum principal stresses. In the
case of a thick cylinder:

𝜎𝜃 − 𝜎𝑟
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (5.15)
2

Since 𝜎𝜃 is normally tensile whilst 𝜎𝑟 is compressive, and both are greater in magnitude than 𝜎𝐿 ,
we have:

1 𝐵 𝐵 𝐵
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = [(𝐴 + 2 ) − (𝐴 − 2 )] = 2
2 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟

𝐵
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (5.16)
𝑟2

Thus the greatest value of 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 normally occurs at the inner radius.

14
5.3.5 Strains and Changes in Dimensions
There are 3 principal strains:
𝜎𝑟 − 𝑣(𝜎𝜃 + 𝜎𝐿 )
𝜀𝑟 = (5.17𝑎)
𝐸
𝜎𝜃 − 𝑣(𝜎𝑟 + 𝜎𝐿 )
𝜀𝜃 = (5.17𝑏)
𝐸
𝜎𝐿 − 𝑣(𝜎𝑟 + 𝜎𝜃 )
𝜀𝐿 = (5.17𝑐)
𝐸

𝜀𝑟 is not used very frequently, the change in diameter can be obtained from the hoop strain:

𝛿𝐷 𝛿𝜋𝐷 change in circumference

diametral strain = = = = 𝜀𝜃 = 𝜀𝑑 = 𝜀𝑟 (5.18)
𝐷 𝜋𝐷 circumference

Change in Diameter:
We have previously shown that the diametral strain on a cylinder is equal to the hoop strain.

Therefore:
change of diameter = diametral strain × original diameter

change of diameter = hoop strain × original diameter

Assuming that the principal stresses (hoop, radial and longitudinal) are all tensile, the hoop
strain is given by:

1
𝜀𝜃 = (𝜎 − 𝑣𝜎𝑟 − 𝑣𝜎𝐿 )
𝐸 𝜃

Therefore the change in diameter at any radius 𝑟 of the cylinder is given by:

𝐷
𝛿𝐷 = (𝜎 − 𝑣𝜎𝑟 − 𝑣𝜎𝐿 )
𝐸 𝜃

2𝑟
𝛿𝐷 = (𝜎 − 𝑣𝜎𝑟 − 𝑣𝜎𝐿 ) (5.19)
𝐸 𝜃

15
Change in Length:
Therefore the change in length of the cylinder is given by:

𝐿
𝛿𝐿 = (𝜎 − 𝑣𝜎𝑟 − 𝑣𝜎𝜃 ) (5.20)
𝐸 𝐿

Change in Internal Volume:

The change in volume is given by the original volume multiplied by the sum of three mutually
perpendicular strains:

change in volume, 𝛿𝑉 = original volume × volumetric strain

𝛿𝑉
= volumetric strain = sum of three mutually perpendicular strains
𝑉

Where:
volumetric strain = 𝜀𝐷 + 𝜀𝜃 + 𝜀𝐿 = 𝜀𝐿 + 2𝜀𝜃

volumetric strain = 𝜀𝐿 + 2𝜀𝜃

change in volume, 𝛿𝑉 = 𝑉(𝜀𝐿 + 2𝜀𝜃 ) (5.21)

Note that this is the change in internal volume, not the change in cylinder material volume.

16
Example 3:
A tube has 100mm inner diameter and the walls are 20mm thick. It is subjected to an internal
pressure of 20MPa. Calculate the maximum error in hoop stress at the surface if a thin tube
criterion based on the inner diameter is used.

Example 4:
A thick steel pressure vessel, 200mm inside diameter and 300mm outside diameter, is
subjected to an internal pressure of 30MPa and an external pressure of 10MPa. Calculate the
maximum hoop stress and the longitudinal stress in the material. Assume 𝐸 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎 and
𝑣 = 0.3.

17