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    (Lec) 6 MechanicalProp - Edited

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    John Smith
    1) Wood exhibits anisotropic mechanical properties, meaning its strength depends on the direction of applied forces relative to the grain. It is strongest in tension and compression parallel to the grain and weakest perpendicular to the grain. 2) The mechanical properties of wood, like strength and stiffness, are measured through tests of compression, tension, and bending. These tests yield values for properties such as modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR). 3) Wood behaves linearly elastic under loads up to the proportional limit, but becomes plastic and non-reversible beyond this point. The ratio of stress to strain below the proportional limit defines the modulus of elasticity.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    (Lec) 6 MechanicalProp - Edited

    Uploaded by

    John Smith
    24 views20 pages
    1) Wood exhibits anisotropic mechanical properties, meaning its strength depends on the direction of applied forces relative to the grain. It is strongest in tension and compression parallel to the grain and weakest perpendicular to the grain. 2) The mechanical properties of wood, like strength and stiffness, are measured through tests of compression, tension, and bending. These tests yield values for properties such as modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR). 3) Wood behaves linearly elastic under loads up to the proportional limit, but becomes plastic and non-reversible beyond this point. The ratio of stress to strain below the proportional limit defines the modulus of elasticity.

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    [Lec] 6 MechanicalProp -Edited

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    1) Wood exhibits anisotropic mechanical properties, meaning its strength depends on the direction of applied forces relative to the grain. It is strongest in tension and compression parallel to the grain and weakest perpendicular to the grain. 2) The mechanical properties of wood, like strength and stiffness, are measured through tests of compression, tension, and bending. These tests yield values for properties such as modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR). 3) Wood behaves linearly elastic under loads up to the proportional limit, but becomes plastic and non-reversible beyond this point. The ratio of stress to strain below the proportional limit defines the modulus of elasticity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    24 views20 pages

    (Lec) 6 MechanicalProp - Edited

    Uploaded by

    John Smith
    1) Wood exhibits anisotropic mechanical properties, meaning its strength depends on the direction of applied forces relative to the grain. It is strongest in tension and compression parallel to the grain and weakest perpendicular to the grain. 2) The mechanical properties of wood, like strength and stiffness, are measured through tests of compression, tension, and bending. These tests yield values for properties such as modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR). 3) Wood behaves linearly elastic under loads up to the proportional limit, but becomes plastic and non-reversible beyond this point. The ratio of stress to strain below the proportional limit defines the modulus of elasticity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 20

    Lecture 6:

    Mechanical Properties of
    Wood
    Stress-Strain Theory
    Anisotropic nature
    Strength measurements
    Factors affecting strength

    By : Dr. Paiman Bawon


    Department of Forest Production
    Faculty of Forestry UPM
    Introduction
    The mechanical properties are ability of material to resist external forces

    Any force which tends to


    deform wood in any manner

    Included to the mechanical properties are :


    (1) strength: tensile, compressive, bending
    (2) elasticity
    (3) toughness
    (4) stiffness
    (5) hardness
    (6) cleavability, etc
     behavior of wood under external (applied) forces

    Courtesy of Edi Suhaimi Bakar, Ph.D


    Introduction
    Wood is an elastic material, which is bent when the load is
    small. But if the load is too big, then the wood will break.

    bent

    break

    Wood will have Stress and Strain under loading (external force).

    Courtesy of Edi Suhaimi Bakar, Ph.D


    Introduction
    Stress ? is a distributed force per unit area.
    Unit:  (kg/cm2)

    Strain ? is distortion or deformation per unit length of the material


    caused by the external force.
     No unit
    Every stress produces a corresponding strain, and within a certain limit
    the strain is directly proportional to the stress.

    Mechanical properties Study


     ● stress – strains behavior
    ● stress – strains affecting factors

    Why Mechanical properties Study ?


    Mechanical properties have great impacts on the use of wood in many
    applications. So, an understanding of wood mech. properties is of great
    importance to the manufacture and the user of wood products. The use of wood,
    is designed based on the mechanical properties. Courtesy of Edi Suhaimi Bakar, Ph.D
    Stress-Strain theory
    Wood behaves in an elastic manner up to a point called the proportional
    or elastic limit.
    If loads are applied below the
    proportional limit and then removed, the
    ultimate or wood will go back or spring back to its
    Stress (or load)

    breaking point original shape.


    If a load is applied exceeds the
    proportional limit, the load (stress) and
    proportional deflection (strain) are no longer
    limit
    proportional, and after the load is
    removed, the wood will go back only
    partially to its original shape.
    For 1 unit increase in load (stress), there
    is greater than a 1 unit increase in
    deflection (strain), until the ultimate
    Strain (or deflection)
    breaking point.
    Stress-Strain relationship Courtesy of Edi Suhaimi Bakar, Ph.D
    Stress-Strain theory
    Bellow to the proportional limit the ratio of stress to strain, i.e the slope
    of the line, is a constant value.
    BELOW PROP. LIMIT ABOVE PROP. LIMIT
    This value is called as the modulus
    of elasticity (MOE) or Young’s
    ultimate or
    Modulus
    Stress (or load)

    breaking point

    What is different between MOE &


    proportional Young’s Mod.?
    limit
    - Bending test  MOE
    - Comp.&Tension test  Young’s Mod.

    Strain (or deflection)


    Stress-Strain relationship Courtesy of Edi Suhaimi Bakar, Ph.D
    Anisotropic nature
    In general, wood is stronger when loads are applied parallel to the grain
    than perpendicular to the grain. This is because wood is an anisotropic
    material.

    The 3-D structure of a wood cube shows 3 g


    l rin
    a n
    nu
    different axes of wood: fiber direction, annual Ra
    y fo An matio
    rm a for
    ring direction and rays directions. tion

    L : direction // fiber direction

    Fiber elongation
    T : direction tangent to a. rings
    L
    R : direction // rays direction
    R T

    The structure of wood at the three surfaces is


    different. So, the strength of wood varies with
    grain direction
    Courtesy of Edi Suhaimi Bakar, Ph.D
    Anisotropic nature
    Like shrinking and swelling, the
    L mechanical properties of wood vary in
    the R, T, and L directions.
    R T The L properties are much different from
    transverse (R and T), but R and T generally do
    not differ greatly.
    So, wood is anisotropic in both its hygroscopic
    behavior as well as its mechanical behavior.
    Bending  grain Anisotropic behavior results in dramatically
    different load carrying capacities

    Bending // grain Courtesy of Edi Suhaimi Bakar, Ph.D


    Strength Measurements: compression
    Compression is defined as two forces acting along the same axis, trying
    to shorten a dimension or reduce the volume of the wood.
    Compressive forces can act parallel or
    perpendicular to the grain.
    It can also act at an angle to the grain.

    Wood is very strong in Comp// to the grain

    Comp. // Comp. 

    Courtesy of Edi Suhaimi Bakar, Ph.D


    Strength Measurements: compression

    10kg P A P
    2x2cm Stress = Comp. =
    A
    = 10kg/4cm2 = 2500 g/cm2
    19.5 cm
    20 cm

    20cm-19.5cm
    Strain =
    20cm
    = 0.5cm/20cm = 0.025

    Stress
    Young’s mod.(E) =
    Strain
    2500 g/cm2
    =
    0.025
    = 1x105 g/cm2

    Courtesy of Edi Suhaimi Bakar, Ph.D


    Strength Measurements: Tension
    Tension is defined as two forces or loads acting
    along the same axis trying to lengthen a dimension
    or increase the volume of the wood.

    Wood is the strongest in


    tension // and not strong in
    tension 

    Tension // Tension

    The test of Tension strength (normally tensions // grain are tested) is set
    up as shown in Figure
    Courtesy of Edi Suhaimi Bakar, Ph.D
    Strength Measurements: Bending
    Bending strength is expressed as a degree of deflection with a given
    force or load on a wood beam.
    A test of bending strength is set up as shown on this Figure.
    Two information will be gotten from this test:
    - MOE (modulus of elasticity)  Bending strength
    - MOR (modulus of rupture)  Ultimate strength
    MOE is a measure of the ability to bend freely & regain normal shape
    MOR is a measure of the resistance to failing
    The load is applied at the center
    of the wood beam with two
    support ends. Both comp. and
    tension stresses are present. And
    there is shear stresses in
    between.

    Courtesy of Edi Suhaimi Bakar, Ph.D


    Strength Measurements: Bending

    Pt L3
    MOE = (kg/cm2, psi) Pt , P m
    4Dbh 3

    D
    1.5 Pm L b
    MOR = (kg/cm , psi)
    2
    h
    bh2 L

    Pt = load at or below proportional limit, kg


    Pm = maximum (breaking) load, kg
    L = the span of beam, cm
    D = deflection at midspan resulting from Pt, cm
    b = breadth or width of beam, cm
    h = height or depth of beam, cm

    Courtesy of Edi Suhaimi Bakar, Ph.D


    Factors Affecting Strength
    1. Specific Gravity (SG)
    The most important predictor of wood strength is
    SG. The higher the SG of wood, the higher its
    strength. Some property relationships are nearly
    linear and others are exponential.
    Effect of SG to wood strength differ by the MC
    and relative direction of applying forces to the
    axis of wood.
    When the SG is doubled:
    - Compression // the grain is change almost 2x
    - Compression is change 4x
    - MOR is change 2.5x

    2. Defects
    Defects that disturb fiber continuity and direction (e.g.. knots) adversely affect
    the strength of wood
    A 2” knot on the edge of a 2x8 reduces its strength by 43%
    A 2” knot in the center of a 2x8 reduces its strength by 24%
    Factors Affecting Strength
    3. Environmental Factors
    - Moisture Content
    Mechanical properties increase in MC value below the FSP
    The relationships are exponential

    - Time
    • Creep –added deflection occurring over time under constant load.
    It is accelerated by high MC and cycling.
    • Cyclic loading –failure after repeated cycles of loading & unloading.
    Clear straight grained wood will retain only 60% of its original
    strength after 2 million cycles.
    - Temperature
    Wood weakens with increased temperature, especially above 100°C. The
    damage is accumulative. Wood is generally stronger at lower temperatures.

    Courtesy of Edi Suhaimi Bakar, Ph.D


    Factors Affecting Strength
    4. Chemical exposure
    Wood strength decreases with exposure to severe acidic or alkaline
    environments, but it is more resistant than steel to acidic conditions.

    5. Biological activity
    Wood strength decreases with only small weight losses due to
    fungal decay. Impact strength is affected more rapidly than static
    strength

    Courtesy of Edi Suhaimi Bakar, Ph.D


    The Strength Evaluation
    The Lumber Strength is evaluated by the Grading Methods
    There are two methods can be used for grading lumber and plywood:
    - Visual grading
    - MSR (machine stress rating)

    Grading of lumber and plywood determines the load carrying capacity


    of the products.

    This information is used to design wood structures

    Courtesy of Edi Suhaimi Bakar, Ph.D


    References
    • Haygreen, J.G. and J.L. Bowyer. 1985. Forest Products and Wood
    Science: An Introduction. The IOWA State University Press/AMES.
    (Chapter 8-9)
    • Record, S.J. [EBook #12299] 2004. The Mechanical Properties of
    Wood.
    • Brown, T. ….. Basic Wood Properties
    • Wimmer, R. …… Wood Quality: Causes, Methods, Control
    • Annon. ….. Properties of Wood. Society of Wood Science and
    Technology. Teaching Unit Number 2. http://www.swst.org

    Courtesy of Edi Suhaimi Bakar, Ph.D


    Knots that affect wood strength

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