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CHAPTER = PHYSICS OF SOLIDS
SLO= 16.1.1 =Distinguish among the structure of crystalline,amorphous and polymers ;
Crystalline Solids
They have characteristic geometrical shape
T hey have sharp melting point

Physical properties of crystalline solids are different in different directions. This phenomenon
is known as Anisotropy.
When crystalline solids are rotated about an axis, their appearance does not change.
This shows that thay are symmetrical
Crystalline solids cleavage along particular direction at fixed cleavage plane
Amprphous Solids
1. Solids that don't have definite geometrical shape.
2. Amorphous solids don't have particular melting point. They melt over a wide range of
temperature.
3. Physical properties of amorphous solids are same in different direction,i.e. amorphous
solids are isotropic
4. Amorphous solids are unsymmetrical
5. Amorphous solids don't break at fixed cleavage planes.
POLYMERIC SOLID
1. It is intermediate stage between crystalline and amorphous solids, contain properties of

both amorphous solid as well as crystalline solid
2. Intermediate melting and boiling point between amorphous and crystalline solids
3. Molecules arrangement could be orderd or disorderd
SLO= 16.1.2 = Define lattice and unit cell;
UNIT CELL; The smallest three dimensional basic structure is called unit cell.
CRYSTAL LATTICE ; The whole structure obtained by repetition of unit cell is known as crystal
lattice.
SLO= 16.1.3 =Differentiate between elastic and plastic deformation in solids ;
The main difference between elastic deformation and plastic deformation is that, elastic deformation is
always reversible, and plastic deformation is irreversible except for some very rare cases.
– In elastic deformation the bonds between molecules or atoms stay intact, but only change their
lengths; Plastic deformation phenomena, such as plate sliding occurs due to the total fission of the
bonds.
– Elastic deformation holds a linear relationship with stress, while plastic deformation holds a curved
relationship having a peak
Comparison between Plastic and Elastic:
Plastic Elastic
The property on account of The property on account of

which a body does not regain its which a body regains its original
Definition original size and shape on size and shape on removal of
removal of applied force is external deforming force is
called as plastic body. called as elastic body.
Process It is irreversible. It is reversible.
They are highly ductile in

Ductility It is less ductile in nature.
nature.
Resilience They have low yield strength. They have high yield strength.
The ratio of stress to strain is The ratio of stress to strain is

Modulus of elasticity (ratio)
high. low or equal.
They do not have the ability to They have the ability to absorb
Toughness
absorb energy up to a fracture. energy up to a fracture.
The molecular bonds are The molecular bonds do not get

Bonds
fractured. fractured.
The shape and size changes The shape and size does change
Shape and size
permanently. permanently,
Example Plasticine. Rubber.
SLO= 16.2.2 = Define tensile compression stress ;

Young's modulus, also known as the elastic modulus, is a measure of the stiffness of a solid
material. It is a mechanical property of linear elastic solid materials. It defines the relationship
between stress (force per unit area) and strain (proportional deformation) in a material.
In materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ,

is defined as the ratio of shear stress to the shear strain:
Shear modulus' derived SI unit is the Pascal (Pa), although it is usually expressed in gigapascals
(GPa) or in thousands of pounds per square inch (ksi). Its dimensional form is M1L−1T−2,
replacing force by mass times acceleration.
The shear modulus is always positive.
The bulk modulus ( K or B) of a substance is a measure of how
incompressible/resistant to compressibility that substance is. It is defined as the ratio of
the infinitesimal pressure increase to the resulting relative decrease of the volume.
SLO= 16.2.2 = Define conductors, insulators, semi-conductors;
 Insulator: The materials through which electric current cannot flow are called insulators.
Therefore, the materials where electrons are not free to move about are the insulators.
For example: Plastic, rubber, wood, glass etc. There are no free electrons inside
insulating materials. Electrons do not flow easily through plastic type materials. As a result
plastics are insulator for electricity. Due to this, the handles of screwdrivers and pliers
used by electricians are covered with plastic type materials In addition, the copper wires
which we use in our daily needs are covered with plastic.
 Conductor: The materials through which electric current can flow very easily are called
conductors. Electrons can flow freely within these materials. In metal wires the charges
are carried by electrons. So, the metallic materials are good conductors of electricity.
Copper, silver, aluminum etc. are good conductors. Due to this reason, metallic wires are
used as electric connectors.
 Semiconductor: The materials whose current conduction capacity lies between that of
conductors and insulators in normal temperature are called semiconductors. For
example- germanium, silicon etc. The current conduction capacity of semiconductor can
be increased by adding suitable impurities.
Conductor Insulator Semiconductor
The conductivity of
The conductivity of The conductivity of semiconductor is
conductor is very high. insulator is very low. moderate.
It has very low It has very high It has moderate

resistivity. resistivity. resistivity.
It has large forbidden It has small forbidden

It has no forbidden gap. gap. gap.
Conductor has positive Insulator has negative Semiconductor has

temperature coefficient temperature coefficient negative temperature
of resistance. of resistance. coefficient of resistance
In insulator, effect of
In conductor, both the resistance is decreases In semiconductor, effect
effect of resistance and and effect of of resistance is
temperature are temperature is decreases and effect of
increases increases. temperature is increases.
There is large number There is small number There is moderate
of electrons available of electrons available number of electrons
for conduction. for conduction. available for conduction.
Examples:
Metals, aluminium,
copper. Paper, Mica glass. Silicon, Germanium.
SLO= 16.4.1= Describe behavior of superconductors and their potential uses

Applications of Superconductors
•Particle Accelerators • Generators
•Transportation •Power Transmission
•Electric Motors •Military •Computing •Medical

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CHAPTER = PHYSICS OF SOLIDS

SLO= 16.1.1 =Distinguish among the structure of crystalline,amorphous and polymers ;

They have characteristic geometrical shape

T hey have sharp melting point

1. Solids that don't have definite geometrical shape.

1. It is intermediate stage between crystalline and amorphous solids, contain properties of

SLO= 16.1.3 =Differentiate between elastic and plastic deformation in solids ;

Comparison between Plastic and Elastic:

The property on account of The property on account of

Process It is irreversible. It is reversible.

They are highly ductile in

The ratio of stress to strain is The ratio of stress to strain is

The molecular bonds are The molecular bonds do not get

Example Plasticine. Rubber.

SLO= 16.2.2 = Define tensile compression stress ;

In materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ,

Conductor Insulator Semiconductor

It has very low It has very high It has moderate

It has large forbidden It has small forbidden

Conductor has positive Insulator has negative Semiconductor has

SLO= 16.4.1= Describe behavior of superconductors and their potential uses

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