Module #6a
Module #6a
Module #6a
From Dieter
8-1, 8-6, 8-7, 8-8
Module #6a
Stress-strain curves
Plastic deformation
Empirical relationships for stress and strain
Criteria for necking
READING LIST
DIETER: Ch. 8, pp. 275-295
Strain-hardening rate
d
n
d
Post-necking deformation
Necking Non-uniform
begins plastic
deformation
Uniform
plastic
deformation
Fracture F F
UTS
F (or s = F/Ao)
YS
Lo Af
Ao Li
Lf
Ai
necking
F
0.2% eu ef F
F
F
F A
NOTE: We are
The slope of the stress strain curve is: using true stress
and strain (i.e., , ε)
dF dA d here rather than
A engineering stress
d d d and strain (s, e)
dF dA Ad 0 ……………..(*)
Criteria for Necking – cont’d
dL dA
d
L A
dA d
d
A
Criteria for Necking – cont’d
• Thus, at the point of tensile instability,
d
When “necking” occurs.
d
• If we incorporate engineering strain e, into the equation
presented above, we can develop a more explicit
expression:
d d de d dL / Lo d L d
(1 e)
d de d de dL / L de Lo de
or
d
de (1 e)
True stress
uts
suts
-1 +1
0
1.0 euts Engineering strain
1 + euts
Unstable deformation
• If we substitute the necking criterion,
d
d
d
n
d
which, after re-arranging, becomes:
n
F F F
Engineering stress σe e s e e
Ao Ao Ao
F F F
True stress σt t t t
Ai Ai Aneck
L L L
Engineering strain εe e e e e
Lo Lo Lo
Ao Li A Ao
True strain εt t ln t ln ln o ln 1 e t ln
Amin Lo Ai Aneck
Other Stress-Strain Relationships
• We’ve already considered the strain hardening
exponent. We’ve noted how it increases with
increasing strength and, as you will learn later,
decreasing dislocation mobility.
K m
true stress
K constant = stress at strain rate of 1 s
-1
1 ,T1
s = F/Ao
e = [(L-Lo)/Lo]