Introduction of Computational Fluid Dynamics: 11 JASS 2005, St. Petersburg Title of Presentation

Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 32

Introduction of

Computational Fluid Dynamics


by

Wangda Zuo
M.Sc. –Student of Computational Engineering

Lehrstuhl für Strömungsmechanik


FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg
Cauerstr. 4, D-91058 Erlangen

JASS 2005, St. Petersburg

1 Title of Presentation
 What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
 Why and where use CFD?
 Physics of Fluid
 Navier-Stokes Equation
 Numerical Discretization
 Grids
 Boundary Conditions
 Numerical Staff
 Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
2 Contents
Fluid
Problem Comparison&
Fluid Mechanics Analysis

Simulation Results
Physics of Fluid
C
Mathematics Computer
F
Navier-Stokes Equations

Numerical
D Computer Program
Programming
Methods Geometry Language
Discretized Form Grids

3 What is CFD?
 What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
 Why and where use CFD?
 Physics of Fluid
 Navier-Stokes Equation
 Numerical Discretization
 Grids
 Boundary Conditions
 Numerical Staff
 Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
4 Contents
Simulation(CFD) Experiment
Cost Cheap Expensive

Time Short Long

Scale Any Small/Middle

Information All Measured Points

Repeatable All Some

Security Safe Some Dangerous

5 Why use CFD?


Aerospace

• Aerospace
• Automotive
Biomedicine
• Biomedical
• Chemical
Processing
• HVAC
• Hydraulics
• Power Generation
• Sports
• Marine
Automotive Temperature and natural
convection currents in the eye
following laser heating.

6 Where use CFD?


Chemical Processing
• Aerospacee
• Automotive
• Biomedical
• Chemical Processing
• HVAC(Heat Ventilation reactor vessel - prediction of flow
Air Condition) separation and residence time effects.

• Hydraulics Hydraulics
• Power Generation
• Sports
• Marine

HVAC
Streamlines for workstation
ventilation

7 Where use CFD?


Sports Power Generation
• Aerospace
• Automotive
• Biomedical
• Chemical Processing
• HVAC
• Hydraulics
• Power Generation Flow around cooling towers
• Sports
Marine
• Marine

8 Where use CFD?


 What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
 Why and where use CFD?
 Physics of Fluid
 Navier-Stokes Equation
 Numerical Discretization
 Grids
 Boundary Conditions
 Numerical Staff
 Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
9 Contents
 Fluid = Liquid + Gas
 Density ρ
const incompressible
 
variable compressible

Viscosity μ:
resistance to flow of a fluid
 Ns 
   3   ( Poise)
m 
Substance Air(18ºC) Water(20ºC) Honey(20ºC)
Density(kg/m3) 1.275 1000 1446
Viscosity(P) 1.82e-4 1.002e-2 190

10 Physics of Fluid
 What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
 Why and where use CFD?
 Physics of Fluid
 Navier-Stokes Equation
 Numerical Discretization
 Grids
 Boundary Conditions
 Numerical Staff
 Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
11 Contents
m in m out
in M out

dM
 m in  m out
dt

m in  m out
Mass
dM Momentum
0
dt Energy

12 Conservation Law
 Mass ConservationContinuity Equation
D U i
 0 Compressible
Dt xi
D
  const , 0
Dt

U i
0 Incompressible
xi

13 Navier-Stokes Equation I
 Momentum ConservationMomentum Equation
U j U j P  ij
  U i    g j
  t xi
   
x j

x
 i

V
I II III IV

 U j U i  2
 ij         ij  U k
I : Local change with time  x x j  3 xk
 i
II : Momentum convection
III: Surface force
IV: Molecular-dependent momentum exchange(diffusion)
V: Mass force

14 Navier-Stokes Equation II
Momentum Equation for Incompressible Fluid
 ij  U j U i  2
 
      ij   U k
xi xi  x x j  3 xi xk
 i 
U i
0
xi
 ij  2U j  U i  2U j
    
xi xi2 x j xi xi2

U j P U j  2U j
  U i    g j
t xi x j xi
2

15 Navier-Stokes Equation III


 Energy ConservationEnergy Equation
T T U i  2T U j
c  cU i  P   2   ij
   t    xi xi

xi
   
xi
I II III IV V

I : Local energy change with time


II: Convective term
III: Pressure work
IV: Heat flux(diffusion)
V: Irreversible transfer of mechanical energy into heat

16 Navier-Stokes Equation IV
 What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
 Why and where use CFD?
 Physics of Fluid
 Navier-Stokes Equation
 Numerical Discretization
 Grids
 Boundary Conditions
 Numerical Staff
 Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
17 Contents
Discretization
Analytical Equations Discretized Equations

 Discretization Methods
 Finite Difference
Straightforward to apply, simple, sturctured grids
 Finite Element
Any geometries
 Finite Volume
Conservation, any geometries

18 Discretization
General Form of Navier-Stokes Equation

       
  U i      q    1, U j , T 
t xi  xi 
Local change with time Flux Source

Integrate over the 


Control Volume(CV) V xi dV  S   ni dS

Integral Form of Navier-Stokes Equation


      
V t dV  S  U i    xi   ni dS  V q dV
Local change Flux Over Source in CV
with time in CV the CV Surface

19 Finite Volume I
Conservation of Finite Volume Method
      
V t dV  S  U i    xi   ni dS  V q dV

A B

A B

20 Finite Volume II
UP UE
Approximation of Volume Integrals

m    dV   pV ; mu   i ui dV   P u PV
Vi Vi

Approximation of Surface Integrals ( Midpoint Rule)

 P dV   P dS   Pk S k k  n, s, e, w
Ue Vi Si
k

Interpolation
 
U if (U  n ) e  0
Upwind U   P
e   
U E if (U  n ) e  0

xe  xP
Central U e  U E e  U P (1  e ) e 
xE  xP

21 Finite Volume III


One Control Volume
aPu P  aN u N  aS uS  aW uW  aE uE  0
Whole Domain
 a11 a12 a1l   u1  0 
a a22 a23 a2,l 1   u  0 
 21   2   
 . . . .   .  .
     
 . . . .   .  .
 ak 1 . . . al 1,n1   .  .
    
 ak 1,2 . . . al ,n   .  .
 . . . .   .  .
     
 . . . .   .  .
 an 1,n k 1 an1,n 2 an 1,n1 an1,n  u   0 
   n 1   
 an , n  k an ,n 1 ann   un  0 

Discretization of
22
Continuity Equation
 FV Discretization of Incompressible N-S Equation

Muh  0
duh
  C (uh )uh  Duh  Mqh  0
dt
Unsteady Convection Diffusion Source

 Time Discretization

duhn 1  f (uh )
n
Explicit

dt  f (uhn , uhn 1 ) Implicit

Discretization of
23
Navier-Stokes Equation
 What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
 Why and where use CFD?
 Physics of Fluid
 Navier-Stokes Equation
 Numerical Discretization
 Grids
 Boundary Conditions
 Numerical Staff
 Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
24 Contents
 Structured Grid
+ all nodes have the same number of
elements around it
– only for simple domains
 Unstructured Grid
+ for all geometries
– irregular data structure

 Block Structured Grid

25 Grids
 What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
 Why and where use CFD?
 Physics of Fluid
 Navier-Stokes Equation
 Numerical Discretization
 Grids
 Boundary Conditions
 Numerical Staff
 Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
26 Contents
 Typical Boundary Conditions
No-slip(Wall), Axisymmetric, Inlet, Outlet, Periodic

No-slip walls: u=0,v=0

Inlet ,u=c,v=0 Outlet, du/dx=0


dv/dy=0,dp/dx=0
r
v=0, dp/dr=0,du/dr=0
o x
Periodic boundary condition in
Axisymmetric
spanwise direction of an airfoil

27 Boundary Conditions
 What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
 Why and where use CFD?
 Physics of Fluid
 Navier-Stokes Equation
 Numerical Discretization
 Grids
 Boundary Conditions
 Numerical Staff
 Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
28 Contents
 Solvers
 Direct: Cramer’s rule, Gauss elimination, LU decomposition
 Iterative: Jacobi method, Gauss-Seidel method, SOR method

 Numerical Parameters
 Under relaxation factor, convergence limit, etc.
 Multigrid, Parallelization
 Monitor residuals (change of results between iterations)
 Number of iterations for steady flow or number of time steps for
unsteady flow
 Single/double precisions

Solver and Numerical


29
Parameters
 What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
 Why and where use CFD?
 Physics of Fluid
 Navier-Stokes Equation
 Numerical Discretization
 Grids
 Boundary Conditions
 Numerical Staff
 Case Study: Backward-Facing Step

30 Contents
 Backward-Facing Step

Wall

Wall

31 Case Study
Thank you for your attention!

32

You might also like