Advanced Fluid Mechanics

(AFM)

Pakistan Navy Engineering College,

PNEC, NUST Karachi
 Instructor Introduction
Dr. Majid Shahzad

1999-2002: B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (Hons)

UET Lahore
2003-2005: Assistant Manager in System Engineering
& Design SUPARCO
2006-2007: Master in Aeronautical Engineering, Institut
Nationale des Sciences Appliquées (INSA),
Toulouse France
2008-2011: Ph. D. Institut Supérieur de l’Aéronautique et
de l’Espace (ISAE), Toulouse France
2015-Present: General Manager in Materials Research
Directorate, SUPARCO
 Course Outlines

• Fluid Mechanics Preliminaries

• Fluid Statics and Dynamics
• Bernoulli Equation and Fluid Kinematics
• Motion of Fluid Particles and Streams
• Flow through Pipes and Flow over Immersed Bodies
• Open Channel Flow and Compressible Flow
• Boundary Layer Approximation
• Laminar and Turbulent Flows in Bounded System
• Incompressible and Compressible Flow around a Body
• Kinematics and dynamics of flow of continuous media
• Rotating Fluid Machinery
 Recommended Textbooks
• Fluid Mechanics by Frank M. White

• Advanced Fluid Mechanics by W.P Graebel

• Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics by Munson

• Fluid Mechanics by John Douglas

• Springer Handbook of Experimental Fluid Mechanics

by Cameron Tropea, Alexander L. Yarin, John F. Foss
 Things before we start…

Grade:

Your final grade depends on the overall

performance in the class

Class Attendance 10%

Assignments 20%
Exam: 70%

Total: 100%
It is your turn

Name?
Mater or PhD Student?
Job Responsibilities/Specialty?
Expectation from AFM?
What we can learn in class

What we should and have to learn

from engineering application
QUIZ
How do you define a Fluid
What is the difference b/w vapor and gas
Define specific gravity and specific weight
What are the Newtonian Fluids
What is Viscosity
Do you know Kinematic Viscosity
What is a Pressure Head
What are the assumptions of Bernoulli Equation
 Advanced Fluid Mechanics (AFM)

Pre-requisites

• Fluid Mechanics

• Engineering Mathematics
 Advanced Fluid Mechanics (AFM)

INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS

OF FLUID MECHANICS
 Fluid Mechanics (FM) Overview

Fluid Mechanics

Gas Liquids Statics Dynamics

F 0 i  F  0 , Flows
i

Water, Oils, Stability

Air, He, Ar, Buoyancy
N2, etc. Alcohols, Pressure Compressible/
etc. Incompressible

Surface/ Laminar/
Tension
Turbulen
Compressibility Density Viscosity Vapor/Pressure t Steady/Unsteady
Viscous / Inviscid
 Fluid Mechanics Overview
Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Statics Fluid Dynamics

Laminar Turbulent

Newtonian Fluid Non-Newtonian Fluid

Ideal Fluids Viscous Fluids Rheology

Compressible Incompressible CFD Solutions for

Flow Flow specific Regimes
Fluid Mechanics: Daily Life Encounters
Fluid Mechanics: Daily Life Encounters
Dams and Reservoirs
 Fluid Mechanics: An Introduction
o Understand the basic concepts of Fluid Mechanics.
o Recognize the various types of fluid flow problems
encountered in practice.
o Model engineering problems and solve them in a
systematic manner.
o Flow through pipes and channels
FM: INTRODUCTION
Mechanics: The oldest physical science
that deals with both stationary and
moving bodies under the influence of
forces.
Statics: The branch of mechanics that
deals with bodies at rest.
Dynamics: The branch that deals with
bodies in motion.
Fluid mechanics: The science that deals
with the behavior of fluids at rest (fluid
statics) or in motion (fluid dynamics),
and the interaction of fluids with solids
or other fluids at the boundaries.
Fluid dynamics: Fluid mechanics is also
referred to as fluid dynamics by Fluid mechanics deals
considering fluids at rest as a special with liquids and gases in
case of motion with zero velocity.
motion or at rest.
 Fluid Mechanics: An Introduction
Hydrodynamics: The study of the motion of fluids that can be
approximated as incompressible (such as liquids, especially water,
and gases at low speeds).
Hydraulics: A subcategory of hydrodynamics, which deals with liquid
flows in pipes and open channels.
Gas dynamics: Deals with the flow of fluids that undergo significant
density changes, such as the flow of gases through nozzles at high
speeds.
Aerodynamics: Deals with the flow of gases (especially air) over
bodies such as aircraft, rockets, and automobiles at high or low
speeds.
Meteorology, oceanography, and hydrology: Deal with naturally
occurring flows.
 Fluid Mechanics: What is a Fluid

Fluid: A substance in the liquid or

gas phase.
A solid can resist an applied shear
stress by deforming.

A fluid deforms continuously under

the influence of a shear stress, no
matter how small.
In solids, stress is proportional to
strain, but in fluids, stress is Deformation of a rubber block placed between
proportional to strain rate. two parallel plates under the influence of a
When a constant shear force is shear force. The shear stress shown is that
applied, a solid eventually stops on the rubber—an equal but opposite shear
deforming at some fixed strain stress acts on the upper plate.
angle, whereas a fluid never stops
deforming and approaches a
constant rate of strain.
 FM: An Introduction
Stress: Force per unit area.
Normal stress: The normal
component of a force acting on a
surface per unit area.
Shear stress: The tangential
component of a force acting on a
surface per unit area.
Pressure: The normal stress in a
fluid at rest.
Zero shear stress: A fluid at rest is
at a state of zero shear stress.
When the walls are removed or a
liquid container is tilted, a shear
develops as the liquid moves to
The normal stress and shear stress at
re-establish a horizontal free
the surface of a fluid element. For
surface.
fluids at rest, the shear stress is zero
and pressure is the only normal stress.
In a liquid, groups of molecules can move relative to each other, but the
volume remains relatively constant because of the strong cohesive
forces between the molecules. As a result, a liquid takes the shape of
the container it is in, and it forms a free surface in a larger container in a
gravitational field.
A gas expands until it encounters the walls of the container and fills the
entire available space. This is because the gas molecules are widely
spaced, and the cohesive forces between them are very small. Unlike
liquids, a gas in an open container cannot form a free surface.

Unlike a liquid, a gas does

not form a free surface, and it
expands to fill the entire
available space.
 FM: Matter States
Solid: The molecules in a solid are arranged in a pattern that is repeated
throughout.

Liquid: In liquids molecules can rotate and translate freely.

Gas: In the gas phase, the molecules are far apart from each other, and
molecular ordering is nonexistent.

The arrangement of atoms in different phases: (a) molecules are at

relatively fixed positions in a solid, (b) groups of molecules move about
each other in the liquid phase, and (c) individual molecules move about
at random in the gas phase.
 FM: Approaches
Gas and vapor are often used as synonymous words.
Gas: The vapor phase of a substance is customarily called a gas when it
is above the critical temperature.
Vapor: Usually implies that the current phase is not far from a state of
condensation.

Macroscopic or classical approach:

Does not require a knowledge of the
behavior of individual molecules and
provides a direct and easy way to
analyze engineering problems.
Microscopic or statistical approach:
Based on the average behavior of
large groups of individual molecules.
On a microscopic scale, pressure is
determined by the interaction of
individual gas molecules. However, we
can measure the pressure on a
macroscopic scale with a pressure
gage.
 THE NO-SLIP CONDITION

A fluid flowing over a stationary

surface comes to a complete stop at
The development of a velocity
profile due to the no-slip condition the surface because of the no-slip
as a fluid flows over a blunt nose. condition.
Boundary layer: The
flow region adjacent to
the wall in which the
viscous effects (and
thus the velocity
gradients) are
Flow separation during flow over a curved surface. significant.
CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID FLOWS
Viscous versus Inviscid Regions of Flow
Viscous flows: Flows in which the frictional effects are significant.
Inviscid flow regions: In many flows of practical interest, there are regions
(typically regions not close to solid surfaces) where viscous forces are
negligibly small compared to inertial or pressure forces.

The flow of an originally uniform fluid

stream over a flat plate, and the
regions of viscous flow (next to the
plate on both sides) and inviscid flow
(away from the plate).
CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID FLOWS
Internal versus External Flow
External Flow: The flow of an unbounded fluid over a surface such
as a plate, a wire, or a pipe.
Internal Flow: The flow in a pipe or duct if the fluid is completely
bounded by solid surfaces.

o Water flow in a pipe is

internal flow, and airflow
over a ball is external
flow .
o The flow of liquids in a
duct is called open-
channel flow if the duct is
only partially filled with
the liquid and there is a
free surface.
External flow over a tennis ball, and the
turbulent wake region behind.
 CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID FLOWS
Compressible versus Incompressible Flow
Incompressible flow: If the density of flowing fluid remains nearly constant
throughout (e.g., liquid flow).

Compressible flow: If the density of fluid changes during flow (e.g., high-speed
gas flow)

When analyzing rockets, spacecraft, and other systems that involve high-speed
gas flows, the flow speed is often expressed by Mach number

Ma = 1 Sonic flow
Ma < 1 Subsonic flow
Ma > 1 Supersonic flow
Ma >> 1 Hypersonic flow
 CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID FLOWS
Laminar versus Turbulent Flow
Laminar flow: The highly ordered fluid
motion characterized by smooth layers
of fluid. The flow of high-viscosity fluids
such as oils at low velocities is typically
laminar.

Turbulent flow: The highly disordered

fluid motion that typically occurs at
high velocities and is characterized by
velocity fluctuations. The flow of low-
viscosity fluids such as air at high
velocities is typically turbulent.

Transitional flow: A flow that alternates

between being laminar and turbulent.

Laminar, transitional, and turbulent flows

over a flat plate.
 CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID FLOWS
Natural (or Unforced) versus Forced Flow

Forced flow: A fluid is forced to flow over a surface or in a pipe by

external means such as a pump or a fan.

Natural flow: Fluid motion is due to natural means such as the

buoyancy effect, which manifests itself as the rise of warmer (and
thus lighter) fluid and the fall of cooler (and thus denser) fluid.
Steady versus Unsteady Flow
o The term steady implies no change at
a point with time.
o The opposite of steady is unsteady.
o The term uniform implies no change
with location over a specified region.
o The term periodic refers to the kind of
unsteady flow in which the flow
oscillates about a steady mean.
o Many devices such as turbines,
compressors, boilers, condensers,
and heat exchangers operate for long
periods of time under the same
conditions, and they are classified as
steady-flow devices.

Oscillating wake of a blunt-based airfoil

at Mach number 0.6. Photo (a) is an
instantaneous image, while photo (b) is
a long-exposure (time-averaged) image.
 AFM: An Introduction

Comparison of (a) instantaneous snapshot of an unsteady

flow, and (b) long exposure picture of the same flow.
 CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID FLOWS
One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows
o A flow field is best characterized by its velocity
distribution.
o A flow is said to be one-, two-, or three-
dimensional if the flow velocity varies in one,
two, or three dimensions, respectively.
o However, the variation of velocity in certain Flow over a car antenna is
directions can be small relative to the variation approximately two-dimensional except
near the top and bottom of the
in other directions and can be ignored.
antenna.

The development of the velocity profile in a circular pipe. V = V(r, z) and thus the flow is
two-dimensional in the entrance region, and becomes one-dimensional downstream when
the velocity profile fully develops and remains unchanged in the flow direction, V = V(r).
 SYSTEM AND CONTROL VOLUME
o System: A quantity of matter or a region in
space chosen for study.
o Surroundings: The mass or region outside
the system
o Boundary: The real or imaginary surface that
separates the system from its surroundings.
o The boundary of a system can be fixed or
movable.
o Systems may be considered to be closed or
open.

o Closed system
(Control mass):
A fixed
amount of mass,
and no mass can
cross its
boundary.
34
 o Open system (control volume): A properly
selected region in space.
o It usually encloses a device that involves
mass flow such as a compressor, turbine, or
nozzle.
o Both mass and energy can cross the
boundary of a control volume.
o Control surface: The boundaries of a control
volume. It can be real or imaginary.

An open system (a
control volume) with one
35
inlet and one exit.
 IMPORTANCE OF
DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
• Any physical quantity can be characterized
by dimensions.
• The magnitudes assigned to the dimensions
are called units.
• Some basic dimensions such as mass m,
length L, time t, and temperature T are
selected as primary or fundamental
dimensions, while others such as velocity V,
energy E, and volume V are expressed in
terms of the primary dimensions and are
called secondary dimensions, or derived
dimensions.
• Metric SI system: A simple and logical
system based on a decimal relationship
between the various units.
• English system: It has no apparent
systematic numerical base, and various units
in this system are related to each other
rather arbitrarily.
36
 Some SI and English Units

Work = Force  Distance The SI unit prefixes are used in all

1 J = 1 N∙m branches of engineering.
1 cal = 4.1868 J
1 Btu = 1.0551 kJ

The definition of the force units.

37
 W weight
m mass
g gravitational
acceleration

A body weighing
150 kgf on earth
will weigh only 25
lbf on the moon.

The relative magnitudes of the force

units newton (N), kilogram-force
(kgf), and pound-force (lbf).

The weight of a unit

mass at sea level.
Dimensional homogeneity
All equations must be dimensionally homogeneous.

Unity Conversion Ratios

All nonprimary units (secondary units) can be
formed by combinations of primary units.
Force units, for example, can be expressed as

They can also be expressed more conveniently

as unity conversion ratios as

To be dimensionally
homogeneous, all the
Unity conversion ratios are identically equal to 1 and terms in an equation
are unitless, and thus such ratios (or their inverses) must have the same unit.
can be inserted conveniently into any calculation to
properly convert units.
39
 Every unity conversion ratio (as well
as its inverse) is exactly equal to one.
Shown here are a few commonly used
unity conversion ratios.
Always check the units in your
calculations.
41
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF ENGG
PROB.
Experimental vs. Analytical Analysis
An engineering device or process can be studied either experimentally
(testing and taking measurements) or analytically (by analysis or
calculations).
The experimental approach has the advantage that we deal with the
actual physical system, and the desired quantity is determined by
measurement, within the limits of experimental error. However, this
approach is expensive, time-consuming, and often impractical.
The analytical approach (including the numerical approach) has the
advantage that it is fast and inexpensive, but the results obtained are
subject to the accuracy of the assumptions, approximations, and
idealizations made in the analysis.
Modeling in Engineering
Why do we need differential equations?
The descriptions of most scientific
problems involve equations that relate
the changes in some key variables to
each other.
In the limiting case of infinitesimal or
differential changes in variables, we
obtain differential equations that provide
precise mathematical formulations for
the physical principles and laws by
representing the rates of change as
derivatives.
Therefore, differential equations are
used to investigate a wide variety of
problems in sciences and engineering.
Do we always need differential
equations? Many problems encountered
in practice can be solved without
resorting to differential equations and
the complications associated with them.
Mathematical modeling of physical problems
 Complex model
(very accurate )
vs.
Simple model
(not-so-accurate)
Simplified models are often used in
fluid mechanics to obtain
approximate solutions to difficult
engineering problems.
Here, the helicopter's rotor is
modeled by a disk, across which is
imposed a sudden change in
pressure. The helicopter's body is
modeled by a simple ellipsoid. This
simplified model yields the
essential features of the overall air
flow field in the vicinity of the
ground.

The right choice is usually the

simplest model that yields
satisfactory results.
 PROBLEM-SOLVING TECHNIQUE
• Step 1: Problem Statement
• Step 2: Schematic
• Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations
• Step 4: Physical Laws
• Step 5: Properties
• Step 6: Calculations
• Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion

45
A step-by-step approach can greatly
simplify problem solving.

The assumptions made

while solving an
engineering problem
must be reasonable and
justifiable. 46
ENGINEERING
SOFTWARE PACKAGES
All the computing power and the engineering
software packages available today are just
tools, and tools have meaning only in the
hands of masters.
Hand calculators did not eliminate the need
to teach our children how to add or subtract,
and sophisticated medical software
packages did not take the place of medical
school training.
Neither will engineering software packages
replace the traditional engineering
education. They will simply cause a shift in
emphasis in the courses from mathematics
to physics. That is, more time will be spent in
the classroom discussing the physical An excellent word-processing
aspects of the problems in greater detail, program does not make a person a
and less time on the mechanics of solution good writer; it simply makes a good
procedures. writer a more efficient writer.
EES (Engineering Equation Solver)
EES is a program that solves systems of linear or
nonlinear algebraic or differential equations
numerically.
It has a large library of built-in thermodynamic
property functions as well as mathematical functions.
Unlike some software packages, EES does not solve
engineering problems; it only solves the equations
supplied by the user.
End Of Lecture 1