"Introduction": AV-222 Electromechanical Systems

AV-222
ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS
Lecture No 1
“INTRODUCTION”
Instructor: Flt Lt Ahnaf Lodhi

Class: 84(B)
Avionics Engineering Department

COURSE OUTLINE
• Book
• Electric Machinery Fundamentals 5th Ed
• Course
• 2-0.5 Cr Hr
• Evaluation Scheme (Approximate)
• Theory: 80%
• Quizzes
• Assignements
• OHTs
• End Term
• Lab: 20%
• Labs Gen
• Lab Final
MAGNETIC FIELD AND ITS INTERACTIONS
• A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the

area around it.
• (Ampere’s Law)
• A time-changing magnetic field induces a voltage in a
coil of wire if it passes through that coil.
• (Faraday’s Law, Transformer action.)
• A current-carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic
field has a force induced on it.
• (Lorentz Law, motor action.)
• A moving wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a
voltage induced in it.
• (Faraday’s Law, generator action.)
• E and H are electric and magnetic filed intensities

• Measure in V/m and A/m respectively
• D and B are electric and magnetic field densities
• Measures in Coulombs and Tesla respectively
• where is the electric permittivity
• where is the magnetic permeability
• Production of magnetic field (Ampere’s Law)
• Faraday’s Law
• Ampere’s Law
• Refer Figure
• N turns of windings
• Ferromagnetic material core
• Quantities
• Mean path length for magnetic
field: lc
• Current producing the field
• Ni
• B: Magnetic Flux density
• Total flux in area A

MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE
• Electric Circuit
• Voltage or electromotive force drives the circuit
• Ohm’s Law
• Magnetic Circuit (by analogy)
• Magnetomotive force drives the circuit
•
•
• Where is the reluctance of the circuit
• Permeance
•
• Reluctance
•
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
• Inaccuracies and approximations in calcuations of
magnetic circuits
• Assumption of all magnetic flux confined in the ferromagnetic
core
• Assumption of mean path and mean cross sectional area
• Permeability of ferromagnetic materials varies with the
amount of flux in the core
• Effective cross sectional area of the core to be greater than
assumed because of air gaps in the flux path
• Fringing effect
• Examples 1.1, 1.2 & 1.3

ENERGY LOSSES IN FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS
• Hysteresis
• Amount of flux
dependent on current
applied and previously
present flux
• Eddy current losses
FARADAY’S LAW
• Basis for transformer action
• If a flux passes through a turn of wire, a voltage will be
induced in the turn of wire that is directly proportional to the
time rate of change of flux applies
• For N turns
• Minus sign because of Lenz’s law

LENZ’S LAW
“The direction of voltage buildup due to time-varying flux
is such that if the coil ends were short circuited, it would
produce current that would give rise to a flux opposing
the original flux change
• The built-up voltage opposes the change that is
causing it
• Eddy Current losses

• Time varying flux causes voltage
• Voltage causes current to flow in a resistive material
• Resistive losses in form of heat
• Heats up the iron core
• Motor
Action
A current-carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic
•
• Generator Action
A moving wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a
voltage induced in it.
INDUCED FORCE ON A WIRE
• Motor
Action
A current-carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic
•
• i = magnitude of current in wire
• l : length of wire in the direction of current flow
• B : Magnetic flux density
• Direction of force given by right hand rule
• Where is the angle between wire and flux density vector

INDUCED VOLTAGE IN A WIRE
•
• v: Velocity of the wire
• B: magnetic flux density
• l: length of conductor in the magnetic field
• l points along the direction of the wire end making smallest angle
with vector vxB
• Voltage in the wire: Positive end in the direction of vxB
Linear DC Machines (1.8)
• Kirchoff’s voltage law
• Staring operation
• Switch closed at t = 0
• With the application of force, wire moves with a velocity v

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AV-222

Instructor: Flt Lt Ahnaf Lodhi

Avionics Engineering Department

• A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the

• E and H are electric and magnetic filed intensities

• Production of magnetic field (Ampere’s Law)

• B: Magnetic Flux density

• Total flux in area A

• Examples 1.1, 1.2 & 1.3

• Minus sign because of Lenz’s law

• Eddy Current losses

• Where is the angle between wire and flux density vector

• With the application of force, wire moves with a velocity v

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