CHAPTER 4

Electromagnetics / Electromagnetik
4.1 Analysing the Magnetic effect of a current-carrying conductor /
Menganalisis kesan Magnetik konduktor yang membawa arus

➢ SINGLE CONDUCTOR

• A conductor carrying a current produces a magnetic field around it.

Konduktor yang membawa arus menghasilkan medan magnet di sekelilingnya

• The pattern of the magnetic field produces is as below

Corak medan magnet yang dihasilkan adalah seperti di bawah

• The direction of the magnetic field can be determined by using compass.

Arah medan magnet dapat ditentukan dengan menggunakan kompas.

• Right hand grip rule can also be used to determine the direction of the magnetic field of a
conductor carrying a current.
Peraturan pegangan tangan kanan juga boleh digunakan untuk menentukan arah medan
magnet kepunyaan konduktor yang membawa arus
• The strength of the magnetic field produced by the wire is increased if:
Kekuatan medan magnet yang dihasilkan oleh wayar meningkat jika:
a. The current flowing through the wire is increased.
Arus yang mengalir melalui wayar meningkat.
b. The number of wires carrying the current is increased.
Bilangan wayar yang membawa arus meningkat

• The strength of the magnetic field decreases at point further away from the wire.
Kekuatan medan magnet menurun pada titik yang jauh dari wayar
➢ CIRCULAR COIL

• The centre of the coil, the field pattern is a straight line, while both sides are curves.
Bahagian tengah gegelung, corak medan adalah garis lurus, sementara kedua-dua sisinya
melengkung.

• The strength of the magnetic field of a circular coil is increased by:

Kekuatan medan magnet gegelung bulat meningkat dengan:

i. Increasing the current

Menambah arus
ii. Increasing the number of turns of wires
Menambah bilangan putaran wayar
➢ SOLENOID

• Is a long coil of several turns of wires like a cylinder.

Merupakan gegelung panjang beberapa putaran wayar seperti silinder.

• The pattern of the magnetic field is identical to a bar magnetic.

Corak medan magnet sama dengan magnet bar.

Additional Notes
➢ ELECTROMAGNET

• An electromagnet is a magnet by winding a coil of insulated wires around soft iron core,
so that a magnetic field is produced when current passes through the coil
Elektromagnet adalah magnet yang dihasilkan dengan mengulung gegelung wayar
bertebat di sekitar teras besi lembut, sehingga medan magnet dihasilkan ketika arus
melalui gegelung

• The strength of a electromagnet can be increased by:

Kekuatan elektromagnet dapat ditingkatkan dengan:
a. Increasing the current
Menambah arus
b. Increasing number of turns
Menambah bilangan gulung
c. To use a soft iron core
Untuk menggunakan teras besi lembut
Additional Notes
Uses of electromagnets:
Kegunaan electromagnet

a. Electric Bell
Loceng elektrik

• Semasa suis ditekan, arus terus mengalir melalui litar, menukar solenoid
menjadi electromagnet
• Logam spring tertarik ke arah elektromagnet, lalu tukul itu menyerang gong.
• Kedua-dua permukaan tidak lagi bersentuhan, jadi arus berhenti mengalir dan
solenoid menyahmagnet.
• Logam spring akan kembali ke kedudukan asalnya, dan melengkapkan semula
litar tersebut.
• Proses diulang selagi suis ditekan
 b. Electromagnetic Relay
Relay Elektromagnetik

A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical
circuit. The switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of
contacts.

A relay has at least two circuits. One circuit can be used to control another circuit. The 1st
circuit (input circuit) supplies current to the electromagnet. The electromagnet is magnetised
and attracts one end of the iron armature.

The armature is then closes the contacts (2nd switch) and allows current flows in the second
circuit. When the 1st switch is open again, the current to the electromagnet is cut, the
electromagnet loses its magnetism and the 2nd switch is opened. Thus current stop to flow in
the 2nd circuit.

Relay adalah suis elektrik yang buka dan tutup di bawah kawalan litar elektrik yang lain. Suis
dikendalikan oleh elektromagnet untuk membuka atau menutup satu atau banyak set permukaan
yang bersentuhan.

Relay mempunyai sekurang-kurangnya dua litar. Satu litar boleh digunakan untuk mengawal litar
yang lain. Litar 1 (litar input) membekalkan arus ke elektromagnet. Elektromagnet menjadi magnet
dan menarik salah satu hujung angker besi.

Angker kemudian menyentuh (suis ke-2) dan membenarkan arus mengalir di litar kedua. Apabila
suis pertama dibuka lagi, arus ke elektromagnet dipotong, elektromagnet kehilangan daya
tarikannya dan suis ke-2 dibuka. Oleh itu arus berhenti untuk mengalir di litar ke-2
d. Telephone earpiece

An electromagnet is used in the earpiece of a telephone. The figure shows the simple
structure ofa telephone earpiece.

When you speak to a friend through the telephone, your sound will be
converted into electric current by the mouthpiece of the telephone. The
current produced is a varying current and the frequency of the current will
be the same as the frequency of your sound. The current will be sent to the
earpiece of the telephone of your friend.

When the current passes through the solenoid, the iron core is magnetised.
The strength of the magnetic field changes according to the varying current.
When the current is high, the magnetic field will become stronger and when
the current is low, the magnetic field become weaker.

The soft-iron diaphragm is pulled by the electromagnet and vibrates at the

frequency of the varying current. The air around the diaphragm is stretched
and compressed and produces soundwave. The frequency of the sound
produced in the telephone earpiece will be the same as your sound.

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Activity
QUESTION 1

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QUESTION 2

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QUESTION 3

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4.2 Force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field /
Daya ke Atas Konduktor Pembawa Arus dalam Suatu Medan
Magnet

• When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, a force will

act on the wire.
Apabila konduktor pembawa arus diletakkan dalam medan magnet, daya
akan bertindak ke atas wayar

• The direction of the magnetic force, acting on the wire can be determined
using Fleming’s left hand rule.
Arah daya magnet, yang bertindak pada wayar boleh ditentukan
menggunakan peraturan tangan kiri Fleming.

STEPS IN USING THE RULE

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Example

• Field pattern of current in a magnetic field.

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Example

• Factors that affect the magnitude of the magnetic force

a. The strength of the magnetic field
b. The size of the current
c. The length of the conductor
d. Angle between I and B , (Force acting on the conductor max
when the I perpendicular to the magnetic field B)

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Application – DC Motor

Catapult Field

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4.3 Electromagnetic Induction / Aruhan Elektromagnet

• Electromagnetic induction produces an electric current by a changing

magnetic field.
Aruhan elektromagnet menghasilkan arus elektrik disebabkan perubahan medan
magnet.

• The induced current is produced when there is a relative motion between the
conductor/coil and the magnetic field lines. The relative motion of a conductor
across a magnetic field can be produced by:
Arus teraruh terhasil apabila terdapat gerakan relatif antara konduktor/gegelung
dan garisan medan magnet. Pergerakan relatif konduktor merentasi medan magnet
boleh dihasilkan oleh:

a. Moving a straight wire quickly across a magnetic field between two flat magnets
Menggerakkan wayar lurus dengan pantas merentasi medan magnet antara dua
magnet rata

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 b. Moving a permanent magnet towards one end of a solenoid.
Menggerakkan magnet kekal ke arah satu hujung solenoid.

• Current is induced when a straight wire cuts the magnetic field or the permanent
magnet moves towards the solenoid.
Arus teraruh apabila wayar lurus memotong medan magnet atau magnet kekal
bergerak ke arah solenoid.

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Faraday’s Law

• Faraday’s law states that the magnitude of the e.m.f. induced in a conductor is
directly proportional to the rate at which the conductor cuts the magnetic field
lines.
Hukum Faraday menyatakan bahawa magnitud e.m.f. teraruh dalam konduktor
adalah berkadar terus dengan kadar di mana konduktor memotong garis medan
magnet.

• The induced e.m.f can be increased by

E.m.f teraruh boleh ditingkatkan dengan

a. Moving the wire or the magnet faster

Menggerakkan wayar atau magnet dengan lebih cepat

b. Using a stronger magnet

Menggunakan magnet yang lebih kuat

c. Increasing the length of the wire moving through the field.

Menambah panjang wayar yang bergerak melalui medan.

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Lenz’s Law

• Lenz’s law states that the induced current always flows in a direction so that it
opposes the change which is causing it.
Hukum Lenz menyatakan bahawa arus teraruh sentiasa mengalir dalam arah supaya ia
menentang perubahan yang menyebabkannya.

The south pole of the magnet is moving into the coil.

The induced current flows in such a direction as to produce a south pole to oppose the
approaching of the magnet

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 The south pole of the magnet is moving away from the coil.
The induced current flows in such a direction to produce a north pole to oppose the leaving of
the magnet.

Example

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Fleming’s right hand rule / Petua Tangan Kanan Fleming

The direction of the induced e.m.f or current can be determined by using Fleming’s right hand
rule.
Arah e.m.f teraruh atau arus boleh ditentukan dengan menggunakan peraturan tangan kanan
Fleming.

Example

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