1 Statistics

Statistic
s
• is the science of learning from data.
• is defined as a branch of mathematics
that deals with the collection,
presentation, analysis, and
interpretation of data.
2 Branches:
Descriptive Statistics
• collecting, describing, and analysing the subset of
data without drawing conclusions or inferences
about the set of data.
Inferential Statistics
• analysis of the subset of data leading to predictions
or inferences about the said set of data.
2 Sets of Data:
Population
• is the entire set from which the sample is drawn.
• is the set of all elements of a given observational
units under the study with at least one
Sample characteristic in common.
• is a subset of the population from which data is

collected.
• is drawn from the population.
EXAMPLES
Population
• All Grade 11 students enrolled in your school.
Sample
• Grade 11 female students enrolled in your school.
• Grade 11 male students enrolled in your school.
Parameter
• numerical measure that describes the
population of interest
• Example: the average height of Grade 11
students enrolled in your school
Statistic
• numerical measure of the sample
• Example: the average height of the Grade 11
female students enrolled in your school
Probability
provides justification for Statistics.
Recall:
Random experiment,
Sample Space,
Event
Random experiment
Is an action or process that leads to one of
several possible outcomes
Examples:
Random Experiment Possible Outcomes
Tossing a coin Head, Tail
Casting a die 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Drawing a card from a standard 13 clubs, 13 spades, 13 hearts, 13
deck of cards diamonds
“The outcomes must be collectively
exhaustive and mutually exclusive.”
Collectively exhaustive means that the

possible outcomes must be included.
Mutually exclusive means that no
outcomes can occur at the same time.
Sample Space
Is the list of all possible outcomes of that
experiment.
Each outcome is called a sample point.
The total number of sample points is called the
cardinality of a sample space.
Event
Is any subset of the sample space
consisting of one or more sample
points to which a probability is
assigned.
Random experiment,
Sample Space,
Event
Activity:
Perform a random experiment by
tossing a coin twice.
Give the sample space and the event
of getting at least 1 head.
Random
Variables
Random Variable
is a function X that associates a real number
with each sample point in the sample space.
It is a rule that maps each element of the

sample space to one and only one real
number.
Example:
A coin is tossed thrice.
Let X represents the number of
heads that result from the
experiment.
Possible Outcome/s Number of Heads (X)
TTT 0
TTH, THT, HTT 1
THH, HTH, HHT 2
HHH 3
Types of Random
Variables
1. Discrete Random Variable – is a quantitative
random variable that can assume a countable
number of outcomes.
2. Continuous Random Variable – is a quantitative
random variable that can assume an uncountable
Examples:
Discrete Random Variable
1. Cast a pair of dice and observe the number of dots on the
upturned faces. Let the random variable X be the total
number of dots on the upturned faces.
2. Let the total number of phone calls per hour by a call
center agent be the random variable X. The integers from
0 to some numbers are the possible values of X.
Examples:
Continuous Random Variable
1. Let the IQ level of Grade 11 students be the random
variable X. The values of X can be a numerical value
between 90 to 120.
2. Let the length of the electrical wiring on electrical
appliances be the random variable X. The values of X
ranges from 1 to 6 feet for most appliances.
Practice
1. The number of the telephone calls received. Discrete
2. The length of a piece of ribbon. Continuous
3. Speed of a train Continuous
4. Number of flaws in a bolt of fabric. Discrete
5. The weight of a bag of apples. Continuous
6. The number of goals in a soccer match. Discrete
7. The volume of water in a jar. Continuous
Probability Distribution of a
Discrete Random Variable
- presents the possible values of a

random variable and its corresponding
probabilities in a table.
Possible Outcome/s Number of P(x)
Heads (X)
TTT 0 1/8
TTH, THT, HTT 1 3/8
THH, HTH, HHT 2 3/8
HHH 3 1/8
Possible Outcome/s Number of P(x)
Heads (X)
TTT 0 1/8
TTH, THT, HTT 1 3/8
THH, HTH, HHT 2 3/8
HHH 3 1/8
Probability Mass Function
is a rule that assigns probabilities to the
values of the random variables.
Two properties:
1. 0 ≤ 𝑃 𝑥 ≤ 1
2. σ 𝑃 𝑥 = 1

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Statistic

• is a subset of the population from which data is

Collectively exhaustive means that the

It is a rule that maps each element of the

- presents the possible values of a

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