Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 5 views

    B.sc-Ii - Paper (Theory of Sampling) (By Dr. Prabhakar Singh

    Uploaded by

    gfjhf7636
    Useful for statistical

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    B.sc-Ii - Paper (Theory of Sampling) (By Dr. Prabhakar Singh

    Uploaded by

    gfjhf7636
    5 views4 pages
    Useful for statistical

    Original Title

    B.SC-II -PAPER(THEORY OF SAMPLING) (BY DR. PRABHAKAR SINGH

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Useful for statistical

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    5 views4 pages

    B.sc-Ii - Paper (Theory of Sampling) (By Dr. Prabhakar Singh

    Uploaded by

    gfjhf7636
    Useful for statistical

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Theory of Sampling

    Unit-1

    Basic Terminology

    The five words population, sample, parameter, statistic, and variable are
    the basic terminology of sampling, are described as follows.

    1. Population:
    In general it is a number of People residing in a given area. But in
    statistics it is totality of objects having certain characteristics.
    In Statistics, population has a much broader meaning. It does not only
    refer to people but also the group of elements or units under
    consideration by the analyst. Thus, population is the collection or group
    of individuals /items /units/observations under study.
    The total number of elements / items / units / observations in a
    population is known as population size and denoted by N. The
    characteristic under study may be denoted by X or Y.
    Example:
     Population of Mumbai people who are currently registered to vote,
     Annual income of people residing in a given area.
     Heights of students doing graduation from a given college
     IQ level of students selected of engineering course

    We may classify the population into two types as:


    Finite Population: If a population contains finite number of units or
    observations, it is called a finite population. For example, population of
    students in a class, the population of bolts produced in a factory in a
    day, the population of electric bulbs in a lot, the population of books in
    a library, etc. are the finite populations.

    Infinite Population: If a population contains an infinite (uncountable)


    number of units or observations, it is called an infinite population. For
    example : Population of real numbers between 1 and 2.
    Real population: A population comprising the items or units which are
    all physically present is known as real population.
    Hypothetical Population: If a population consists the items or units
    which are not physically present but the existence of them can only be
    imagined or conceptualized then it is known as hypothetical
    population.
    2. Sample:
    A part of the population selected according to some rule for drawing
    conclusions about the target population.
    i.e It is a finite subset of population and expected to be a
    representative of the population.

    “A sample is a part / fraction / subset of the population.”

    Example:
     if we take handful of wheat or rice from 100 kg bag ,we expect the
    same quality of wheat in hand as inside the bag.
     It is expected that a drop of blood will give same information as well as
    the blood in the body
     The patients selected to fill out a patient-satisfaction questionnaire,
     10 bulbs selected from an electric bulb factory’s production line.

    3. Variable:
    A Characteristic of an individual that will be analyzed using statistical
    tools.
    Example:
    Gender, Household income Individuals height, weight, Blood pressure,
    blood sugar ..etc
    4. Parameter:
    The characteristics of a population can be described with some
    measures such as total numbers of elements in the population,
    Population mean, Population standard deviation, population variance,
    Population proportion, population correlation…. etc. These measures
    are known as parameters of the population.
    We know that the population can be described with the help of
    distribution and the distribution is fully determined with the help of its
    constants such as, in case of normal distribution, we need to know μ
    and σ2 to determine the normal distribution, in case of Poisson
    distribution, we need to know λ, etc. These unknown constants are
    known as parameter.
    4. Statistic:

    Any function obtained by using sample values or observations only and


    does not contain any unknown parameter is known as statistic. It is
    denoted by t = t (x1, x2…..xn ) .For example, if x1, x2…..xn is a random
    sample of size n taken from a population with mean µ and variance σ 2
    𝑥𝑖
    (both are unknown) then sample mean 𝑥 = is a statistic. But 𝑥 − 𝜇
    𝑛
    𝑥
    and are not statistics because both are function of unknown
    𝜎
    parameters.

    5. Estimator and Estimate (Guess)

    Generally, population parameters are unknown and the whole


    population is too large to find out the parameters. Since the sample
    drawn from a population always contains some or more information
    about the population, therefore in such situations, we guess or
    estimate the value of the parameter under study based on a random
    sample drawn from that population.
    So, if a statistic, t = t (x1, x2…..xn ) (function of sample observations) is
    used to estimate a population parameter then it is known as estimator
    and the value of the estimator is known as estimate of parameter.

    Example:
     Sample means, Sample SD or SE, Sample Correlation……
    Suppose, if we want to estimate the average height (µ) of students in a
    college with the help of sample mean 𝑥 then 𝑥 is the estimator of µ and
    its particular value, say, 165 cm is the estimate or guess of the
    population’s average height (µ).

    5. Bias estimator:
    If θ be the unknown constant (Parameter) of a probability distribution f(x,θ)
    of population under study and t is an estimator of θ, then t is said to be
    biased estimator if
    𝐸 𝑡 ≠ 𝜃
    Amount of bias = 𝐸 𝑡 − 𝜃 ≠ 0

    Amount of bias of an estimator gives us an idea that on average how far our
    guess is from true value of θ.
    If 𝐸 𝑡 − 𝜃 > 0 , then estimator is said to be positively biased (over
    estimation)
    If 𝐸 𝑡 − 𝜃 < 0 , then estimator is said to be negatively biased (under
    estimation)

    6. Unbiased Estimator: A statistic t =t(x1,x2…..xn ) is said to be unbiased


    estimator of parameter θ iff
    𝐸 𝑡 = 𝜃
    Example : Let there is a population having four units {2,4,6,8} and if we
    want toselect a sample of size 2 from the population , then there would be
    (1) NCn =4 C2 = 6 possible samples can be drawn if ordering and repletion of
    units are not allowed.
    (2) Nn = 42 = 16 possible samples can be drawn if ordering and repletion
    of units are allowed.
    2+4+6+8
    Population mean µ = =5
    4
    If X1 : Number selected at the first draw, X 2: Number selected at the
    Second draw
    Then following distribution can be drawn:

    S.N (X1, X2 ) 𝑋1 + 𝑋2
    𝑡=
    2
    1 (2,4) 3
    2 (2,6) 4
    3 (2,8) 5
    4 (4,6) 5
    5 (4,8) 6
    6 (6,8) 7

    𝑡1 + 𝑡2 + ⋯ … … . 𝑡6
    𝐸 𝑡 = =5= 𝜇
    6

    Here we observed that


    𝐸 𝑡 = 𝜇
    And say that sample mean 𝑥 is unbiased estimator of µ.

    You might also like