Satistics

Basic Concepts of Statistics
Statistics is a branch of mathematics that deals with the collection,

classification, description, and interpretation of data obtained by the
conduct of surveys and experiments. Its fundamental purpose is to
describe and draw inferences about the numerical properties of a
population.
Two important terms that you should

understand in studying statistics are population
and sample.
Population - is the entirety of individuals or objects of interest.
- The measures of the population are called parameters.
Sample - is a portion or part of the population of interest.
- The measures of the sample are called statistics.
Data is used to describe a collection of natural phenomena descriptors,

including the result of experience, observation or experiment. These
could be numbers, words or images that are used as measurements or
result from observations of a set of variables. Data can be drawn from
the population or sample.
Types of Data:
a. Qualitative Data - are categorized data, which take the form
of categories or attributes ( e.g. - sex, year level, religion, etc.)
b. Quantitative Data - numerical data obtained from measurements
(e.g. - weight, height, age, scores, etc.)
Presentation of Data:
The study of statistics begins with the collection of data and
measurements. Data collected should be organized systematically for
easier and faster interpretation. They may be presented
in tabular or graphical form.
A table is used when you want to present a data in a systematic and
organized manner so that the reading and interpretation will be simpler
and easier. When a table is used, you must remember the following:
1. The title of the table.
2. Arrange the data systematically in columns. The columns must be
properly labeled.
Another type of tabular presentation is the frequency distribution
table. It is an arrangement of the data that shows the frequency of
occurrence of different values of variables.
Graphical Presentation of Data
Histogram - is made up of vertical bars that are joined together,
making an appropriate graph for continuous data. The base of each bar
or rectangle is equal to the class boundaries, wherein height
corresponding to its class frequency.
Bar Graph - is used to present discrete data, where the bars are
separated.
Pie Chart - is used to show percentage distribution.
Line Graph - a graph that is used to show trends over a period of
time.
Variable is the characteristics of an individual or object that can
be measured. A variable must vary or have different values in the study.
Measures of Central Tendencies

MEAN
The mean is the most commonly used measure of central position. The
mean used to describe a set of data where the measure cluster or
concentrate at a point. As the measures cluster around each other, a
single value appears to represent distinctively the total measures. It is,
however, affected by extreme measures, that is, very high or very low
measures can easily change the value of the mean.
MEDIAN
The median is the middle entry or term in a set of data arranged in
either increasing or decreasing order.
To find the median of a given set of data, take note of the following:
1. Arrange the data in either increasing or decreasing order.
2. Locate the middle value. If the number of cases is odd, the middle
value is the median. If the number of cases is even, take the arithmetic
mean of the two middle measures.
MODE
The mode is another measure of position. The mode is the measure or
value which occurs most frequently in a set of data. It is the value with
the greatest frequency.
To find the mode for a set of data -
1. select the measure that appears most often in the set.
2. if two or more measures appear the same number of times , and the
frequency they appear is greater than any other measures, then each of
these values is a mode.
3. if every measure appears the same number of times, then the set of
data has no mode.
Random Variable
In some experiments such as tossing a coin three times, rolling a die
twice, drawing two balls from an urn, and the like, we are not oftentimes
concerned with every detail of the outcomes. We are usually interested
in some numerals associated with the outcomes. For instance, If a coin is
tossed twice, the set of all possible outcomes (S) of the experiment is:
S = {TT, TH, HT, HH}
Note: In tossing a coin, H is heads and T is tails.
If we are interested in the number of tails that came out in the

experiment, then we can assign numbers 0, 1, and 2 for each of the 4
possible outcomes. Thus we can write
Sample Number of
Space Tails
TT 2
TH 1
HT 1
HH 0
From the table above, instead of writing Number of Tails, we can denote
it as set X whose elements (x1, x2, and x3) are 0, 1, and 2. In symbol,
X = { 0, 1, 2 }
Then X is called a random variable.
Definition:
A random variable is a quantitative variable whose value is
determined by the outcome of a random experiment
Notation:
We use a CAPITAL LETTER, say X, to denote a random variable, and a
corresponding small letter, x, for one of its values.
Discrete Random Continuous Random

Variable Variable
 has a finite  has an infinite number
number of of elements and
elements or cannot be represented
infinite but can by whole numbers.
be represented These values usually
by whole arise
numbers. These from measurements.
values usually
EXAMPLE:
arise
from counts.
EXAMPLE: a. Weight (in grams) of 8
randomly selected Math
a. Number of car
books
accidents among 8
selected cities b. Height (in inches) of a
randomly selected adult
b. Cost (rounded to
male
the nearest Php) of
a Statistics book c. The amount of milk
obtained from a cow
c. Number of
women among 10
newly hired
teachers
PROBABILITY - Probability defines the likelihood of

occurrence of an event.
Experiment: A trial or an operation conducted to produce an outcome
is called an experiment.
Random Experiment: An experiment that has a well-defined set of
outcomes is called a random experiment.
For example, when we toss a coin, we know that we would get ahead or
tail, but we are not sure which one will appear.
Sample Space: All the possible outcomes of an experiment together
constitute a sample space.
For example, the sample space of tossing a coin is head and tail.
Event: The total number of outcomes of a random experiment is called
an event.
Note: To get the probability of an event, we use

the formula
where:
P(x) = Probability of an event
f = frequency number of times an event occurred
N = Total number of possible outcomes
 tells all of its possible values [x] along with their associated
probabilities [P(x)]
 Any Probability DISTRIBUTION of a Random Variable must satisfy
the following 2 conditions:
✔ Each probability P(x) must be between 0 ✔ The sum of all the

and 1: possible probabilities is
1.
∑ P(x) = 1
0 ≤ P (x ) ≤ 1
If the probability of an event is zero, then the
event is unlikely to happen or impossible.
Example: Tossing 2 coins.
Sample Number of
Space Tails (f) Probability of
having Tails
P(x)
TT 2 2/4 or 1/2
TH 1 1/4
HT 1 1/4
HH 0 0/4
N=4 ΣP(x) = 1
 a graphical representation of a probability distribution.

 Displays possible values of a random variable along the horizontal
axis, probabilities along the vertical axis.
To calculate the variance of a discrete random variable, we must

first calculate the mean.
Example: The number of cars sold per day at a local dealership, along
with its corresponding probabilities, is shown in the following table.
Compute the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the probability
distribution. Interpret the result.
Number of Cars 0 1 2 3 4
Sold (x)
P(x) 1/10 2/10 3/10 2/10 2/10

Satistics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Satistics

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Satistics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Basic Concepts of Statistics

Statistics is a branch of mathematics that deals with the collection,

Two important terms that you should

Data is used to describe a collection of natural phenomena descriptors,

Measures of Central Tendencies

If we are interested in the number of tails that came out in the

Discrete Random Continuous Random

PROBABILITY - Probability defines the likelihood of

Note: To get the probability of an event, we use

✔ Each probability P(x) must be between 0 ✔ The sum of all the

Example: Tossing 2 coins.

 a graphical representation of a probability distribution.

To calculate the variance of a discrete random variable, we must

You might also like