Statistica and Probability Week 1

STATISTICS
AND
PROBABILITY
Activity 1. Entry Card
Direction: List the sample space of the following experiments.
Experiment Sample Space
1. Tossing three coins.
2. Rolling a die and tossing

a coin simultaneously.
Activity 1. Entry Card
Direction: List the sample space of the following experiments.
Experiment Sample Space
3. Drawing a spade from
a deck of cards.
4. Rolling a die.
3. Drawing a black card
from a deck of card.
Lesson 1
Random Variables and

Probability Distributions
Learning Competencies:
• Illustrate a random variable (discrete and
continuous).
• Distinguishes between a discrete and a continuous
random variable.
• Finds the possible values of a random variable.
• Illustrates a probability distribution for a discrete
random variable and its properties.
• Computes probabilities corresponding to a given
random variable.
Random Variable
➢ is a function that associates a
real number to each element in
the sample space. It is a
variable whose values are
determined by chance.
Sample Space
➢ is the set of all possible
outcomes of an experiment.
Example 1.
Consider a random experiment of rolling two dice.

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1, 1 1, 2 1, 3 1, 4 1, 5 1, 6
2 2, 1 2, 2 2, 3 2, 4 2, 5 2, 6
3 3, 1 3, 2 3, 3 3, 4 3, 5 3, 6
4 4, 1 4, 2 4, 3 4, 4 4, 5 4, 6
5 5, 1 5, 2 5, 3 5, 4 5, 5 5, 6
6 6, 1 6, 2 6, 3 6, 4 6, 5 6, 6
Sum of the Number of Dots Outcomes
(Values of Random Variable x)
2 (1, 1)
3 (1, 2), (2, 1)
4 (1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 1)
5 (1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 1)
6 (1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 2), (5, 1)
7 (1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1)
8 (2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5, 3), (6, 2)
9 (3, 6), (4, 5), (5, 4), (6, 3)
10 (4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4)
11 (5, 6), (6, 5)
12 (6, 6)
Example 2.
Consider another variable Y representing the number of tails

in tossing 3 coins. Find the values of the random variable Y.
Steps:
1. Determine the sample space. Let H represent head and
T represent tail.
The sample space for this experiment is:

S = {TTT, TTH, THT, HTT, HHT, HTH, THH, HHH}
Example 2.
2. Count the number of tails in each outcome in the sample

space and assign this number to this outcome.
Possible Outcomes Value of the Random Variable Y
(number of tails)
TTT 3
TTH 2
THT 2
HTT 2
HHT 1
HTH 1
THH 1
HHH 0
Two Types of Random
Variable
1. Discrete Random Variable
➢ is a type of random variable that has a countable
number of distinct values, such as heads or tails,
playing cards, or the sides of a die.
2. Continuous Random Variable
➢ can reflect an infinite number of potential values,
such as the average rainfall in a region, heights,
weights, distance, temperature and so on.
13
Example of Discrete Random
Variable:
Suppose three coins are tossed. Let Y be
the random variable representing the
number of TAILS that turn up. Find the
values of the random variable Y.
14
Example of Continuous Random Variable:
Suppose an experiment is conducted to determine
the distance that a certain type of car will travel using
10 liters of gasoline over a prescribed test course. If a
distance is a random variable, then we have an infinite
number of distances that cannot be equated to the
number of whole numbers.
15
Constructing Probability
Distribution of Discrete
Random Variable
Discrete Probability Distribution or a
Probability Mass Function
➢ consists of the values a random variable can
assume and the corresponding probabilities of
the values.
Properties of Probability Distribution
1.The probability of each value of the random
variable must be between or equal to 0 and 1. In
symbol, we write it as 0 ≤ P(X) ≤ 1.
2.The sum of the probabilities of all values of the
random variable must be equal to 1. In symbol,
we write it as σ 𝑃(𝑋) = 1.
Probability Histogram
➢ is a graph that shows the probability of each
outcome on the y-axis. In a probability
histogram, the height of each bar shows the
true probability of each outcome if there were
to be a very large number of trials.
To construct a histogram for a probability
distribution, follow these steps.
1.Plot the values of the random variable along the

horizontal axis.
2.Plot the probabilities along the vertical axis.
3.Use thin lines or sticks to replace the thick bars.
Example
Suppose three coins are tossed. Let Y be the random variable

representing the number of tails that occur. Find the
probability of each of the values of the random variable Y.
Steps Solution
1. Determine the sample The sample space for this
space. Let H represent experiment is:
head and T represent S = {TTT, TTH, THT, HTT,
tail. HHT, HTH, THH, HHH}
Example
2. Count the number of Possible Outcomes Value of the Random

tails in each outcome in Variable Y
the sample space and (number of tails)
assign this number to TTT 3
this outcome. TTH 2
THT 2
HTT 2
HHT 1
HTH 1
THH 1
HHH 0
3. There are four possible values of the random variable Y
representing the number of tails. These are 0, 1, 2, and 3. Number of Tails Y Probability
Assign probability values P(Y) to each value of the random P(Y)
variable.
• There are 8 possible outcomes and no tail occurs once, so
the probability that we shall assign to the random 0 1
variable 0 is 1/8. 8
• There are 8 possible outcomes and 1 tail occurs three 1 3
times, so the probability that we shall assign to the 8
random variable 1 is 3/8.
• There are 8 possible outcomes and 2 tails occur three 2 3
times, so the probability that we shall assign to the 8
random variable 2 is 3/8. 3 1
• There are 8 possible outcomes and 3 tails occur once, so 8
the probability that we shall assign to the random
variable 3 is 1/8.
Table 1. The Probability Distribution or the Probability Mass
Function of Discrete Random Variable Y
Number of Tails (Y) 0 1 2 3
Probability P(Y) 1 3 3 1
8 8 8 8
Figure 1. The Histogram for the Probability Distribution
of the Discrete Random Variable (Y)
Thank
You !

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STATISTICS

2. Rolling a die and tossing

Random Variables and

Consider a random experiment of rolling two dice.

Consider another variable Y representing the number of tails

The sample space for this experiment is:

2. Count the number of tails in each outcome in the sample

1.Plot the values of the random variable along the

Suppose three coins are tossed. Let Y be the random variable

2. Count the number of Possible Outcomes Value of the Random

Number of Tails (Y) 0 1 2 3

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