07B Wood Products

WOOD and
WOOD PRODUCTS
Ar. Rino D.A. Fernandez, uap

Class Instructor
WOOD
a natural organic material that has been

used for many centuries for the construction
of buildings, bridges and a variety of other
structures
WOOD
• Still the most common materials for small to
medium-scale project in other countries
WOOD
WOOD
WOOD
• In the Phils, wood was widely used during
the Spanish period and until 1960’s
WOOD
WOOD
• My recent project,
WOOD
WOOD
WOOD
• Traditional building material

• Easy to work with
• Durable
• Beautiful
• Lightweight
• Rust and corrosion free
• Has varied uses
CLASSIFICATION OF TREES
Endogenous
- Trees grows
endwards
- Example are
bamboo & palm
CLASSIFICATION OF TREES
Exogenous
- Trees grows
outwards
CLASSIFICATION OF EXOGENOUS TREES
(based on broad botanical distinction)
Softwoods
- Generally needle-
leaved coniferous
trees that bear their
seed in cones
- Example are pine &
cedar
CLASSIFICATION OF EXOGENOUS TREES
(based on broad botanical distinction)
Hardwoods
- Generally broad-
leaved deciduous
trees
- Example are oak,
narra, molave,
maple, etc
PROPERTIES OF SOFTWOOD:
• Contract with heat & moisture

• Have lower density than hardwoods (good
for acoustic & thermal insulation
• Good for interior finishes & for furniture
• Solid but soft
• Flexible & strong
• Not water resistant
• Cost : low
PROPERTIES OF HARDWOOD:
• Contract with heat & moisture

• Stronger, denser, & homogenous than
hardwoods (good for framing system)
• Good for interior finishes & for furniture
• Resist fire better than softwood
• Nearly impervious to water (some varieties)
• Cost : high
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
WOOD STRUCTURE
Bark
Bast
Sapwood
Heartwood
Pith
WOOD STRUCTURE
WOOD STRUCTURE
WOOD & TIMBER
WOOD is the hard, fibrous material that

makes up the tree under the bark
TIMBER is a wood which retains its natural

physical structure and chemical composition
and is suitable for various construction works
GOOD LUMBERING PRACTICE
Lumbering- term applied to the operations

performed in preparing wood for
commercial purposes
Logging
Felling
Storing
Sawing
Drying
FELLING
• Timber felled during summer is more

readily susceptible to mold. During this
period, the quantity of sap is at its greatest
& the state of swelling, acidity, etc. are very
much unfavorable
• Coniferous trees is ideal to be felled during
full moon because the resins were well
drawn out of the roots & into the trunk
STORAGE
• Timber stored in water after felling reduces

the risks of molds & insect damage
SPLITTING/SAWING
• Should take place while the

trees is still very damp
DRYING
• 70-90% of the original moisture must be

removed from the timber before this could
be used for construction…..a reason why
routine drying is important
METHODS OF DRYING TIMBER
• Natural
Air-drying
• Artificial
Forced air drying – used of fans to
booster the circulation of air
Kiln-drying – drying in a large airtight
structure, heated by steam pipes
Radio Frequency Dielectric Drying –
using radio frequency dielectric
heat
CHARACTERISTIC OF GOOD TIMBER
DEFECTS IN WOOD
DEFECTS IN WOOD
• Caused by Abnormal Growth
Heart shake-radial cracks originating at the

heart of the trees
Wind/Cup Shake- cracks/breaks across

annual rings of timber
Star Shake- series of heart shakes thus

forming a star-like manner
Knots- occur at the branch of the wood

DEFECTS IN WOOD
• Due to Deterioration
Dry Rot – the presence of moisture

caused by fungi in seasoned wood
Wet Dry – takes place sometimes in the

growth of the tree caused by water
saturation
CAUSES OF DECAY
• Alternate moisture & dryness
• Fungi & molds
• Insects & worms
• Heat & confined air

GEOMETRICAL IMPERFECTIONS &
DISTORTIONS IN TIMBER
METHODS OF PRESERVATION
External – application of preservative

coating
Internal – lumber is subjected to pressure &

injected with chemical such as zinc
chloride solution/salt
APPLICATION: Philippine Timber
• Flooring Narra
Molave
Pine Benguet
Toog (Phil. Oak)

• Doors & Windows Narra
Tanguile
Apitong
• Outdoor Deck Yacal
Molave
Guijo
• Ceiling Panel & Joists Molave
Pine Benguet
• Railing & Balustrade Narra
Molave
Pine Benguet
• Exposed Structural Member Molave
Pine Benguet
Yacal
Lauan
• Paneling Narra
Pine Benguet
Almaciga
Dao
• Furniture & Cabinets Narra
Molave
Pine Benguet
Almaciga
Kamagong
• Structural Members &

Molave
Framing
Yacal
Guijo
Pine Benguet
Examples of PHILIPPINE TIMBER
First Group
Narra – most expensive, for floors, doors,
furniture, panelings, veneers
Molave – for posts & girders, trusses, framings,
floors, jambs, furniture, & other purpose
esp. those exposed to weather
Yacal & Guijo – for posts & girders, jambs, wooden

decks & railings exposed to weather
First Group
Pine Benguet – for flooring, panelings, sidings &
furniture. Also for framings, trusses
Tanguile & Apitong – the most common lumber in
the market. Used for framings, joists,
trusses, nailers, etc.
Lauan (white & red) – for framings, furnitures

Kamagong – for furnitures
First Group
Dao – for panelings & veneers
Almaciga – for panelings & veneers
Mahogany
Ipil
Kalantas
Kalamansanai
TAKE-HOME QUIZ:
Research on the following Wood Connections:

1. Using an 8”x8” wood post, illustrate the wood
post connection to a 12”x12” concrete pedestal.
2. Illustrate the connection of an 8”x8” wood post

into a 2-2”x6”x12” wood beam.
3. Illustrate the roof framing layout (using wood

rafters) for a 5.00m x 6.00m bungalow with gable
roof profile.

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WOOD and

Ar. Rino D.A. Fernandez, uap

a natural organic material that has been

• Traditional building material

• Contract with heat & moisture

• Contract with heat & moisture

WOOD is the hard, fibrous material that

TIMBER is a wood which retains its natural

Lumbering- term applied to the operations

• Timber felled during summer is more

• Timber stored in water after felling reduces

• Should take place while the

• 70-90% of the original moisture must be

• Caused by Abnormal Growth

Heart shake-radial cracks originating at the

Wind/Cup Shake- cracks/breaks across

Star Shake- series of heart shakes thus

Knots- occur at the branch of the wood

Dry Rot – the presence of moisture

Wet Dry – takes place sometimes in the

• Alternate moisture & dryness

• Fungi & molds

• Insects & worms

• Heat & confined air

External – application of preservative

Internal – lumber is subjected to pressure &

Toog (Phil. Oak)

• Doors & Windows Narra

• Outdoor Deck Yacal

• Ceiling Panel & Joists Molave

• Railing & Balustrade Narra

• Exposed Structural Member Molave

• Furniture & Cabinets Narra

• Structural Members &

Yacal & Guijo – for posts & girders, jambs, wooden

Lauan (white & red) – for framings, furnitures

Research on the following Wood Connections:

2. Illustrate the connection of an 8”x8” wood post

3. Illustrate the roof framing layout (using wood

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