Timber

WOOD
Wood
Porous & fibrous
structural tissue under
the bark of trees.
TIMBER
Wood of tree- seasoned,
sawned & prepared for
building, carpentry or
other engineering works.
TIMBER PRODUCTION
Felled Stored /
Stacked
Sustainable Forest
Processed
Debarked
Transported
to Sawmill
Shipped to market
TYPES OF WOOD
Softwood Hardwood
oniferous / Evergreen • Deciduous
eedle like leaves • Large leaves, lost in
one Producing winter
ast Growing • Slow Growing
hinner cell walls • Thicker cell walls
• Denser Grain - High
idely Spaced Grain - Low density
Density
asier to cut and work – Low hardness
ght in colour • Harder to work
xamples : Pine, Cedar • Stronger and more
even
• Darker in colour
• Examples : Oak, Teak
Teak Wood (Sagwaan) – KING OF
WOODS
(Colour : Deep yellow to dark brown |

Found in: Central India and Southern India)
-Moderately hard
-Smooth texture and tight grain
-Durable and fire-resistant
-Can be easily seasoned and worked
-Takes up good polish, looks royal after polishing
-Resistant to insects and warping
(due to high oil content)
-Water resistant – can be used in high moisture areas
*Among the most valuable timber trees of the world and its use
is limited
to superior work only.
-Furniture, countertops, frames, flooring, veneering, panelling
Rosewood
(Colour: Dark reddish |
Found in: Kerala,
Karnataka, Maharashtra,
Madhya Pradesh, Tamil
Nadu, Orissa)
- hard, strong, tough and

close-grained
- Takes up high polish.
- Maintains its shape well
- Available in large sizes.
- Have an exclusive
fragrance
- Used for furniture of
superior quality,
Sal Wood Mahogany Wood
(Colour : Reddish brown )
(Colour : Light Brown |
Found in: Karnataka,
-Takes good polish and is
Andhra Pradesh,
easily worked.
Maharashtra, Uttar
-Durable under water.
Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya
-Fine grains
Pradesh, Orissa)
-Used for furniture, pattern
making and
-Heavier & harder than
cabinet work.
Teak
-Durable, fibrous &
close-grained.
-Finished with paint or
oil.
-Requires slow and
careful seasoning.
Pine
(Colour : resinous wood
white to yellowish)
-Lightweight and
straight coarse
grained
-Easy to work
-Takes good finish
-Decays easily
-Used for pattern

making, doors
and windows frames,
panelling,
molding, paving
material.
STRUCTURE OF WOOD
Knot
DEFECTS IN TIMBER
UNDERSTANDING OF GOOD
WOOD FOR
STRENGTH & STIFFNESS
• STRENGTH : Resistance to breaking under load.
Structural
• STIFFNESS : Resistance to bending under load
Properties
(inelasticity)
• Depends upon:
◊ Species Cell structure - cell’s size & arrangement
[Timbers structure is like Group of tubes (fibres)
join together.
• More dense – more strength
◊ Direction relative to applied load

> Along the grain – more strength
Cells crush or pull apart Strength reduces
when Wind load applied significantly
across the tubes Ʇr to across the grain
cells ◊ Moisture Content :
Dry cells –
harder walls, resist
higher load
Grain deviates
around knots.
Load does not run
SEASONING
Process of drying
timber or
removing moisture
present
in freshly felled
timber.
Necessary for proper
retention
of shape & size of
component parts.
*Moisture brought
down to 8-10%
from 50-60%
PROPERTIES OF WOOD
ensity : Hardness
.
ompactness of wood -Resistance to pressure

ore denser - less porous -Resistance to nails, wear n tear
ensity makes it heavier & stronger -Easy to saw and work
.
Hardwood • Softwood -Depends on:

Less porous ◦More Porous ◦ Thickness of cell wall
Heavier ◦Lighter ◦ Size of cell cavities
More dense ◦Less dense ◦ Moisture content
◦ Maturity of the timber
Janka Test
urability Resistance to Fire

.
-Denser the timber - longer it takes

eing able to withstand disease or insect
ttack. to ignite.
ue to presence of oils in cell walls -Added resistance provided by
applying
Colours
-Consistent in colour – when Grain
.
freshly cut -Cells and their direction

-Does not last long - unless -Mainly longitudinal
sealed (by polishing or orientation
waxing) -Not always consistent,
-Exposure to air - changes deviation occurs
colour - may bleach or -Defects distort grain
darken (Cedar darkens) direction.
Sapwoods is white to pale Odour

reddish yellow. .
Heartwood is darker -Due to presence of oil

(gone through process of -can recognise a timber
chemical changes from dying from its scent alone.
of sapwood cells to changing -Cedar and
to heartwood) camphorwood -
pleasant to us , not to
Texture insects . therefore ideal
.
for making clothes
METHODS OF CUTTING Flat sawn
PLAIN SAWN / FLAT SAWN

Most common, easiest
and least expensive
◦ Log is cut parallel to growth
QUARTER
rings SAWN
More expensive
◦ Log sawed at radial angle
into 4 quarters
RIFT SAWN or RADIAL Rift sawn
SAWING
Most expensive, least
common
◦ Timber cut parallel to
medullar rays &
perpendicular to annual
rings
Quarter sawn
METHODS OF SELLING
Timber is converted into suitable commercial size
1) BATTEN : Width and thickness do not exceed 50mm.

2) BAULK : Roughly square pieces.
Obtained by removing bark and sap wood.
One of the cross sectional dimensions
exceeds 50mm
3) BOARDS : Timber pieces with parallel sides.
Thickness less than 50mm and width
exceeds 150mm.
Also available as Beadings and Mouldings
USE OF WOOD
High Density wood –
Structural and interior design
(pillars, trusses, rafting, furniture,
window and door frames, floors,
decking and floor joists)
Medium Density wood–

Walls, ceiling joists and horizontal
studs
Low density wood–

non load bearing (wood panelling,
internal trim and ceiling, exteriors
(entrance gate , screens)
Effective utilisation of
sawmill residues
(slabs, offcuts, trimmings, edging,
Standard Grades available in Wood
In In
Hardwoods
Grade Rate Grading isSoftwoods
based on
(in Cu. ft.)
appearance, strength
A Quality 4500/-
(affected by defects)
B+ 4000/-
Softwood grading classifies
Medium 3500/-
lumber according to use:
• Yard lumber -
Low 3000/- Used for ordinary
construction and
general building
purposes
• Structural lumber -
Stress tested
Used as Joists (Beams),
COST OF
ctors affecting cost: WOOD
igin and age (Girth)
pecies Wood is measured in Gun feet
ocessing cost
stance – transportation cost Formula = L x No. of Pieces x W x T
ze 144
uality
ost calculating method –
Ex. : No. of Pieces Length Size

7 7’ 4” * 2” = 392/144 2.72
6 8’ 3” * 2” = 288/144 2.00
Total 4.72 cu ft
quality Teak wood, Rate = 4500/-

e, Price for 13 items = 4.72 * 4500 = 21,240 Rs
TYPES OF
FINISHES • Melamine Polish
• Varnish
• PU polish
• French polish
• Oil paint
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONCERNS
Over exploitation of natural wood on nature
• Deforestation
• Desertification Need for
• Extinction of So engineered wood
species
• Forced arises
Plywood, Veneer,
migration
Laminates, Fibre
• Soil erosion boards, Block board,
• Ozone depletion Particle board, MDF
• Greenhouse gas (medium density fibre
increase board)…
• Natural hazard
SAVE ENVIRONMENT
Happy Building 
THANK YOU!

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WOOD

(Colour : Deep yellow to dark brown |

- hard, strong, tough and

-Used for pattern

• More dense – more strength

◊ Direction relative to applied load

ompactness of wood -Resistance to pressure

Hardwood • Softwood -Depends on:

urability Resistance to Fire

-Denser the timber - longer it takes

freshly cut -Cells and their direction

Sapwoods is white to pale Odour

Heartwood is darker -Due to presence of oil

PLAIN SAWN / FLAT SAWN

1) BATTEN : Width and thickness do not exceed 50mm.

Medium Density wood–

Low density wood–

ost calculating method –

Ex. : No. of Pieces Length Size

quality Teak wood, Rate = 4500/-

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