Timber
Timber
Timber
PRESENTATION
GROUP MEMBERS
AASTHA JAIN
ITIKA JAIN
MISHTI SAXENA
PRIYANKA JAWA
SAGARIKA DUTTA
SRSHTI BATHLA
ENDOGENOU HIGH
GROUP A ; E = GRADE 1 X
S DURABILITY
12.5 kN/mm2
MODERATE
EXOGENOUS DURABILITY GRADE 2 Y
GROUP B: E =
9.8 kN/mm2 to
12.5 kN/mm2
LOW
Z
DURABILITY
GROUP C:E =
5.6 kN/mm2 to
9.8 kN/mm2
TYPES OF TREES
Trees are classified into two groups
depending upon growth pattern.
ENDOGENOUS EXOGENOUS
TREES TREES
The trees which grow
inwards in longitudinal The trees which grow
fibrous mass are called outwards across the horizontal
endogenous trees. section of a stem are called
exogenous trees
EXOGENOUS TREES
CONIFERS
OR DECIDUOUS
EVERGREEN
5.Moisture Content : Timbers are hygroscopic and gain water from nature. If timbers moisture
content is high that means the timber quality is low
.
6.Good quality timbers swell less. Timbers having thicker wall swell more than a thinner one.
7. Timber has to have the capability to bear shocks, jerk. Anti-bending and ant splitting
characteristic is needed.
8. Best quality timbers have the highest strength. the strength of timber is different at
different points. Grain structure determines the strength of the timber.
• Compressive strength: 500 kg/cm2 to 700 kg/cm2 load is enough to test timbers strength.
• Tensile strength: When timber is enough strong to the tensile force. If perpendicular force
is made then timber is weaker. 500-2000 kg/cm2 is the range of tensile strength load.
• Transverse strength: Enough bending strength indicates good quality timber.
USES OF TIMBER
• Used for load bearing structures like beams, columns,
trusses and piles.
• Upsets: Upsets in various wood indicate that the tree was subjected to
crushing or compression
• Stain: When fungi feed only on sapwood, where the food materials are
stored, it causes a stain. Stain action causes colour but does not affect the
strength of the wood.
• .
• Decay: wood eating or wood destroying fungus is responsible for this type of defect in
wood. This type of fungi breaks down the cell structure. Considerable strength
reduction occurs.
a. Bow: Curvature formed in direction of the length of the timber is called bow.
b. Cup: Curvature formed in the transverse direction of the timber is called a cup.
c. Check: Check is a kind of crack that separates fibers, but it doesn’t extend from one end to
another.
d. Split: Split is a special type of check that extends from one end to another.
e. Honey Combing: Stress is developed in the heartwood during the drying process or
seasoning. For these stresses, cracks are created in the form of honeycomb texture.
• Insects like beetles, termites or marine boars eat wood, make holes and weaken the
strength of the wood.
SEAS ONING OF TIMBER
Reduction of moisture content along with improving some
qualities before the use of woods is called seasoning of timber.
By seasoning, generally, the moisture is reduced to about 15%
where new cut woods bear about 50%.
• Natural Seasoning
Seasoning of woods or timbers using natural elements
is called natural seasoning. eg. water and air
seasoning.
• b. Air seasoning
• Exposing the woods to air for seasoning.The environment for this need to
maintain some conditions. A clean, shady, dry, cool place is preferred.
• Advantage:
• Good quality of seasoned wood.
• A large amount is convenient in this process.
• Well-seasoned timber is formed.
• Disadvantage:
• It’s a slow process.
Artificial Seasoning
Seasoning by Boiling
• Seasoning by boiling wood logs in hot water is called seasoning by boiling. Drying
is done after proper boiling.
• Advantages
• It takes a short amount of time. Generally, 3-4 hours is good enough.
• Develops the strength and elasticity.
• Disadvantages
• It is serviceable basically for a small quantity of wood, not convenient for a large
amount.
• The cost is high.
Chemical seasoning
• Reduction of moisture using salt solution is called chemical seasoning. After the
absorption of water by the solution logs are let to dry.
• Advantage
• It increases the strength of the timber.
• It is less time-consuming.
• Disadvantage
• Chemical reagents can sometimes reduce strength.
• It can cause a problem in gluing or finishing or corrosion while using.
Kiln seasoning
• Seasoning of wood by using a large chamber or oven where there is a good
process for the circulation of hot air.
• Advantage
• Most effective and economic seasoning.
• Kiln seasoning can be done by 2 processes such as:-
• Progressive kiln Seasoning: Wood log is entered through the kiln ant the
temperature and humidity differentials are maintained through the length of the
kiln to maintain proper drying.
• Compartmental Seasoning: Its maintained by enclosed container or buildings.
Advantage: It accelerates the process because external energy is used.
Electrical seasoning
• in this method alternating current is used for drying the cells of wood by creating
heat. As electricity is used, it’s called electrical seasoning.
• Advantage:
• Using this method quick drying is obtained. a French electrical seasoning method
is used to season overnight.
• Disadvantages:
• The equipment required is very costly.
• It is an uneconomic process as a high rate of electricity is consumed.
• During heating the cells of wood or timber they lose their strength and become
weak
Qualities Improved by
Seasoning
By seasoning, some common known qualities are improved
which are mentioned below:
• Strength
• Hardness
• Durability
• Weight
• Painting and finishing
• Gluing
• Resistance to insect attack
• Electrical resistance
• Heat content
Precautions
Following precautions must be taken during seasoning of timber.
• Moisture should be extracted almost at an equal rate from all logs because
differentiated dryness causes irregular shape.
• It should not get affected by fungi, insects etc. and should also efficient to kill
them.
• (i) Charring
• Lower ends of the posts that are to be embedded in ground are generally charred with a view to
prevent dry rot and attack of worms.
• It is done by quenching the ends of posts in water after they are charred on wood fire to a depth
of 1.5 cm.
(ii) Tarring
• It consists in coating with tar or tar mixed with pitch. Embedded portions of timber
fence posts, ends of door and window frames, battens and beams built in wall are
usually tarred.
(iii) Painting
A paint when applied to timber acts not only as a good preservative but also it
enhances the appearance of the surface so treated. Only well seasoned timber
should be painted as otherwise the moisture entrapped in the timber would
cause decay.
(iv) Creosoting
It is the process of applying creosote oil to the timber surface under high pressure.
This process is mostly adopted in case of poles, railway sleepers etc.
OAK Yellowish 8.65 Strong, durable, straight and silvery For making sports
brown grained good
BIRLA SHAKTI
PLYWOOD WPC
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