Handling of Certain Important Solutes by The Renal Tubules: Prof./ Ibrahim Mohamady Ibrahim

Handling of Certain
important Solutes by the

Renal Tubules
Prof./ Ibrahim Mohamady

Ibrahim
Na+ Handling by the Renal Tubules
 Na+ is reabsorbed out of all portions of the renal

tubule except the thin descending segment of the
loop of Henle.
 90% of the energy consumed by kidney is used for

active transport of Na+
 The reabsorption of Na+ is coupled with:

- Reabsorption of glucose “ amino acids and chloride”
- Reabsorption of H2O by osmosis
- Secretion of K+
- HCO3- reabsorption and H+ secretion
Na+ Reabsorption in the Different
Segments of the Renal
1. Proximal Tubule:
• 65% of the filtered load of Na+ is reabsorbed by

the proximal tubule.
• This reabsorptive process is active and

depends on the action of the basolateral
membrane Na+ K+ -pump, to keep intracellular Na+
concentration low.
• Na+ reabsorption by PCT is an active. . Early and

late proximal tubules are different as regards the
anions and other solutes that accompany Na+.
a) First half of The Proximal Tubule:
Na+ is reabsorbed by co-transport along

with glucose, amino acids, sulphate, Pi,
organic acids (lactate and citrate).
a) First half of The Proximal Tubule(cont):
• Cotransport processes account for the

reabsorption of all the filtered glucose and
amino acids.
• Countertransport reabsorption of Na+ across

the luminal membrane is accompanied by H+
secretion via Na+ - H+ counter-transport.
• H+ secretion is accompanied by HCO3-

reabsorption.Na is reabsorbed as NaHCO3 .
b) Late half of The Proximal Tubule:
Na+ is reabsorbed with chloride ion (Cl-)

as NaCI.
2- Loop of Henle :
Thin descending limb:

• Reabsorb water, but has no capacity to
reabsorb Na+ as the Na+ transport
proteins or channels are absent from
luminal membrane.
• The tubular fluid osmolarity increases
as it descends.
2- Loop of Henle (cont.):
Thin ascending limb:
• NaCl diffuses passively from tubule to

interstitum by concentration gradient.
• The thin ascending limb of the loop of

Henle is impermeable to water. As a result,
tubular fluid [Na+] and tubular osmolarity
decrease .
Thick ascending limb :

25% of the filtered load
of Na+, K+, and Cl- are
reabsorbed by co-
transport mechanism,
that co-transports one
Na+ one K+ and two Cl-
from the lumen into
the cells.
• Most of the K+ that enters the cell refluxes

back into the lumen via K+ channels and it
serves two purposes:
- It ensures a sufficient concentration of K+
for optimal function of the co-transporter.
- The resulting net positive potential in the
lumen facilitates paracellular reabsorption of
several cations including Na+, K+, Ca++, and
Mg .
Bartter's Syndrome:
Cause:
Defect in the Na+ - K+ - 2 Cl- cotransporter in the
luminal membrane of the thick ascending limb
Loss of Na+, K+, Cl-, and calcium.
Manifestations:
- Renal salt wasting Na+ , K+ ,CL-
- Volume depletion
- Hypercalciuria
- Hypokalemia
- Metabolic alkalosis
3- Early distal tubule
• Reabsorption NaCl by a Na+-Cl-

cotransporter.
• Is impermeable to water, as is the thick

ascending limb. Thus, reabsorption of NaCl
occurs without water which further dilutes
the tubular fluid.
4- Late Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct:
• The principal cells are responsible for

reabsorption of Na+ in exchange with K+
secretion.
• Rreabsorption of Na+ is controlled by

aldosterone.
4- Late Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct(cont.):
Mechanism:
• Na+ diffuses into the principal cells
through Na+ channels in the apical
membrane, while K+ diffuse into the
tubular fluid across luminal
membrane down its concentration
gradient.
. The anion that accompanies Na+ is

mainly Cl- through paracellular route.
4- Late Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct(cont.):
Regulation of Na+ Excretion:
• The amount of Na+ excreted is adjusted

to equal the amount ingested over a
wide range of dietary intake.
• Thus, the urinary Na+ output ranges

from 1 mEq/day on a low-salt diet to
400 mEq/day or more when the dietary
Na+ intake is high.
Regulation of Na+ Excretion(cont.):
Variations in Na+ excretion are affected

by:
1. Amount filtered.
2. Amount reabsorbed.
Therefore, factors that influence GFR and
tubular reabsorption will affect renal
excretion of Na+
1- Glomerular Filtration Rate
"Glomerulotubular Balance"
• Definition:
An increase in GFR causes an increase in the reabsorption
of sodium and consequently of water.
• Site:
- The main site is the proximal convoluted tubule. Loop of
Henle also shares.
- The mechanism occurs independent of hormones and can

occur in isolated kidney.
- The proximall tubules reabsorb a constant percentage of

the filtered Na+ and water (2/3 or 65%) rather than a
constant amount
Glomerular Filtration Rate
"Glomerulotubular Balance"
• Importance:
a- It helps to prevent overloading of the distal
tubular segment when GFR increase.
b- lt prevents inappropriate losses of Na+ and

water in the urine that can occur as a result of
sudden increase in GFR.
- Thus, increased GFR increases the amount of

Na+ filtered and this increases the amount
reabsorbed leading to a slight increase in Na+
excretion .
2. Rate of Tubular Flow:
Decreased GFR Slow rate of

flow will increase tubular
reabsorption of Na+ .
3. Effect of ABP on tubular reabsorption
"Pressure Natruresis" and "Pressure Diuresis":
An increase in ABP cause marked increase in

urinary excretion of Na+ and water.
Mechanism:
1. Decreased angiotensin II secretion with rise of
ABP.
2. Backleak of Na+ into the tubular lumen due to:
a) Rise of hydrostatic pressure in peritubular
capillaries with rise of ABP.
b) Rise in the interstitial fluid hydrosataic pressure
as a consequence of the rise in hydrostatic
pressure in the peritubular capillaries.
3. Effect of ABP on tubular reabsorption "Pressure
Natruresis" and "Pressure Diuresis“(cont.):
• An increase in the renal interstitial fluid

hydrostatic pressure enhance backleak of
sodium and water into the tubular lumen
increasing the rate of urine output when
arterial pressure rises.
• This is primarily a compensatory
mechanism for regulation of ABP
independent of nervous or hormonal
influence.
4. Hormonal Control:
Mineral corticoids:
- Aldosterone increases
Na+ reabsorption in
exchange with K+ or
H+
- It acts mainly on P
cells of distal tubule
and collecting duct
4. Hormonal Control (cont.):
Aldosterone acts through:
i) Increase number of Na+ channels in

the luminal membrane.
ii) Increase number of Na+-K+ ATPase

molecules in the basal membrane.
Glucocorticoids:
Cortisol has weak mineralocorticoid

activity.
Angiotensin II:
It is the most powerful sodium-retaining hormone,

it increases Na+ reabsorption:
i) Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone

secretion.
ii) Direct action on PCT cells:

- Stimulates Na+ - K+ ATPase pump
- Stimulates Na+ - H+ counter transport
iii) Constricts efferent arterioles: causing

decrease of peritubular capillary
pressure . This help to increase Na+ and
water reabsorption by peritubular
capillaries.
Sex Hormones:
Estrogen increases Na+ reabsorption

by renal tubule.
ANP:
• ANP facilitates the excretion of NaCI and
water under conditions of marked
expansion of ECF through :
– Increases GFR  increases filtered Na+
 ++Na+ excretion. It increases GFR by:
o Relaxation of the mesangial cells increases
surface area for filtration.
o VD of the afferent arteriole .
– Inhibit renin secretion: This in turn

reduces the levels of angiotensin II and the
levels of aldosterone.
– Inhibit Na+ reabsorption by collecting ducts
by direct effect:
o Inhibit Na+ - channels in the apical membrane.
o Inhibit Na+ - K+ ATPase in the basolateral
membrane.
PGE2:
Increase Na+ excretion through:

I. Inhibit Na+ channels in the apical
membrane.
II. Inhibit Na+ - K+ ATPase in the
basolateral membrane.
Endothelin:
Increases PGE2.
5. Sympathetic stimulation: Increases Na+
reabsorption and decreases Na+ excretion:
a) Reduce GFR by constricting renal vessels.
b) Increases renin secretion and angiotensin

II formation increases Na+ reabsorption.
c) Increases Na+ reabsorption by the

proximal tubule and thick ascending limb
of Loop of Henle.
6.Diuretic:
Increase Na+ excretion

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Handling of Certain

important Solutes by the

Prof./ Ibrahim Mohamady

 Na+ is reabsorbed out of all portions of the renal

 90% of the energy consumed by kidney is used for

 The reabsorption of Na+ is coupled with:

• 65% of the filtered load of Na+ is reabsorbed by

• This reabsorptive process is active and

• Na+ reabsorption by PCT is an active. . Early and

Na+ is reabsorbed by co-transport along

• Cotransport processes account for the

• Countertransport reabsorption of Na+ across

• H+ secretion is accompanied by HCO3-

Na+ is reabsorbed with chloride ion (Cl-)

Thin descending limb:

Thin ascending limb:

• NaCl diffuses passively from tubule to

• The thin ascending limb of the loop of

Thick ascending limb :

• Most of the K+ that enters the cell refluxes

• Reabsorption NaCl by a Na+-Cl-

• Is impermeable to water, as is the thick

• The principal cells are responsible for

• Rreabsorption of Na+ is controlled by

. The anion that accompanies Na+ is

• The amount of Na+ excreted is adjusted

• Thus, the urinary Na+ output ranges

Variations in Na+ excretion are affected

- The mechanism occurs independent of hormones and can

- The proximall tubules reabsorb a constant percentage of

b- lt prevents inappropriate losses of Na+ and

- Thus, increased GFR increases the amount of

Decreased GFR Slow rate of

An increase in ABP cause marked increase in

• An increase in the renal interstitial fluid

Aldosterone acts through:

i) Increase number of Na+ channels in

ii) Increase number of Na+-K+ ATPase

Cortisol has weak mineralocorticoid

It is the most powerful sodium-retaining hormone,

i) Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone

ii) Direct action on PCT cells:

iii) Constricts efferent arterioles: causing

Estrogen increases Na+ reabsorption

– Inhibit renin secretion: This in turn

Increase Na+ excretion through:

a) Reduce GFR by constricting renal vessels.

b) Increases renin secretion and angiotensin

c) Increases Na+ reabsorption by the

Increase Na+ excretion

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