Hydrostatic Pressure of The Blood

1.
The major force favoring filtration across the glomerular capillary wall is the:
a. Oncotic pressure of the plasma.
b. Oncotic pressure of the glomerular filtrate.
c. Hydrostatic pressure of the blood.
d. Hydrostatic pressure of the glomerular filtrate.
e. Ultrafiltration coefficient
2. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the:

a. Volume of blood filtered by the kidneys per minute per
kilogram of body weight.
b. Volume of plasma filtered by the kidneys per minute per kilogram of body
weight.
c. Volume of urine produced by the kidneys per minute per kilogram of body
weight.
d. Volume of glomerular filtrate formed by the kidneys per minute per kilogram of
body weight
e. Volume of blood cleared of creatinine by the kidneys per minute per kilogram
of body weight.
3. In clinical practice the GFR is often estimated by determining the rate of creatinine
clearance. The rate of creatinine clearance is the:
a. Volume of plasma cleared of creatinine/min/kg
b. Volume of glomerular filtrate formed/min/kg
c. Weight of creatinine filtered from the blood/min/kg
d. Weight of creatinine per volume of urine formed/min/kg
e. Difference between the rate of plasma flow in the afferent and efferent arterioles.
The two major characteristics that determine whether a blood component is filtered or
retained in the capillary lumen are its:
a. Molecular size and molecular weight.
b. Molecular size and lipid solubility.
c. Molecular size and plasma concentration.
d. Molecular size and electrical charge.
e. Molecular weight and length.
The GFR is increased by:

a. A low-protein meal.
b. Afferent arteriolar constriction.
c. Tubuloglomerular feedback.
d. Release of atrial natriuretic peptide.
e. Activation of RAAS
Which segment of the renal tubule is responsible for the reabsorption of the bulk of
filtered solutes?
a. Proximal tubule
b. Thin limbs of Henle’s loop
c. Thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop
d. Distal convoluted tubule
e. Collecting duct
The main driving force for the reabsorption of solutes from the tubule fluid is:
a. Active transport of solutes across the apical plasma
membrane.
b. Secondary active transport of solutes across the apical
plasma membrane.
c. Active transport of Na+ from the tubule epithelial cell
across the basolateral plasma membrane by the electrogenic Na+ channel.
d. Active transport of Na+ from the tubule epithelial cell
across the basolateral plasma membrane by the Na+,K+-
ATPase pump.
e. Passive diffusion of solutes through the paracellular
pathway.
The ultimate rate of excretion of K+ in the urine is determined by the:

a. Concentration of K+ in the glomerular filtrate.
b. Proximal tubule, which reabsorbs or secretes K+ to meet the physiological
requirements of the animals.
c. Thick ascending limb, where K+ secretion is enhanced by high plasma K+
concentrations.
d. Distal convoluted tubule, which has K+ pumps that are
inserted in the apical or basolateral plasma membranes,
depending on the need for reabsorption or secretion of K+.
e. Collecting duct, where the principal cells are capable of K+ secretion, and the
intercalated cells are capable of K+ reabsorption.
Which of the following two are effects of aldosterone on Na+ transport in the connecting
segment and collecting duct?
a. Enhances the permeability of Na+ channels in the apical plasma membrane, thereby
enhancing Na+ reabsorption
b. Stimulates Na+,K+-ATPase activity in the basolateral plasma membrane, thereby
enhancing Na+ reabsorption
c. Reduces the Na+ permeability of the apical plasma membrane, thereby inhibiting Na+
reabsorption
d. Reduces Na+,K+-ATPase activity in the basolateral plasma membrane, thereby
inhibiting Na+ reabsorption
e. Reduces the K+ permeability of the apical plasma membrane, thereby inhibiting K+
reabsorption
The bulk of filtered water is reabsorbed by which renal tubule segment?
a. Proximal tubule
b. Thin limbs of Henle’s loop
c. Thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop
d. Cortical collecting duct
e. Inner medullary collecting duct
The hypertonic medullary interstitium is generated in large part by:

a. Active transport of Na+ by the straight portion of the proximal tubule.
b. Active reabsorption of Na+ by the water-impermeable,
ascending thin limb of Henle’s loop.
c. Active reabsorption of Na+ by the water-impermeable,
thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop.
d. Increase in water channels in the apical plasma membrane of collecting duct cells
under the influence of
vasopressin.
e. Enhanced urea permeability of the thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop under the
influence of vasopressin.
In dehydration, ADH is released, which reduces water excretion by:

a. Enhancing water reabsorption in the proximal tubules by stimulating Na+,K+-ATPase.
b. Enhancing water reabsorption in the thick ascending limb by stimulating the insertion
of aquaporin-2 water channels into the apical plasma membrane.
c. Enhancing water reabsorption in the collecting duct by
stimulating Na+,K+-ATPase activity.
d. Enhancing water permeability in the collecting duct by
stimulating the insertion of aquaporin-2 water channels
into the apical plasma membrane.
e. Reducing the glomerular filtration rate by activation of
tubuloglomerular feedback.
Which of the following nerves provides motor innervation to the detrusor muscle?
A. Pelvic n.
B. Pudendal n.
C. Femoral n.
D. Hypogastric n.
What is the lowest mean arterial pressure at which the kidney is able to maintain
relatively constant GFR and renal blood flow?
A. 40mmHg
B. 60mmHg
C. 70 mmHg
D. 90 mmHg
In normal kidneys, which of the following is true of the osmolarity of renal tubular fluid
that flows through the early distal tubule in the region of the macula densa?
a. Usually isotonic compared with plasma
b. Usually hypotonic compared with plasma
c. Usually hypertonic compared with plasma
d. Hypertonic, compared with plasma, in antidiuresis
When dietary intake of K+ increases, body K+ balance is maintained by an increase in

K+ excretion primarily by which of the following?
a. Decreased glomerular filtration of K+
b. Decreased reabsorption of K+ by the proximal tubule
c. Decreased reabsorption of K+ by the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
d. Increased K+ secretion by the late distal and collecting tubules
e. Shift of K+ into the intracellular compartment
Which tends to increase GFR?

a. Increased afferent arteriolar resistance
b. Decreased efferent arteriolar resistance
c. Increased glomerular capillary filtration coefficient
d. Increased Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure
e. Decreased glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure
Which of the following tends to increase potassium secretion by the cortical collecting
tubule?
a. A diuretic that inhibits the action of aldosterone (e.g. spironolactone)
b. A diuretic that decreases loop of Henle sodium reabsorption (e.g. furosemide)
c. Decreased plasma potassium concentration
d. Acute metabolic acidosis
e. Low sodium intake
Which diuretic inhibits Na-2Cl-K co-transport in the loop of Henle as its primary action?
A. Thiazide diuretic
B. Furosemide
C. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
D. Osmotic diuretic
E. Amiloride
F. Spironolactone
The principal cells in the cortical collecting tubules

A. are the main site of action of the thiazide diurectics
B. have Na-Cl-K co-transporters
C. are highly permeable to urea during antidiuresis
D. are an important site of action of amiloride
E. are the main site of action of furosemide
The type A intercalated cells in the collecting tubules

A. are highly permeable to urea during antidiuresis
B. secrete K
C. secrete H
D. are the main site of action of furosemide
E. are the main site of action of thiazide diuretics
Which of the following would be the most likely cause of hypernatremia associated with
a small volume of highly concentrate urine (osmolarity = 1400 mOsm/L) in a patient with
normal kidneys?
A. Primary aldosteronism
B. Diabetes mellitus
C. Diabetes insipidus
D. Dehydration due to insufficient water intake and heavy exercise.
Which of the following has similar values for both intracellular and interstitial body
fluids?
A. K ion concentration
B. Colloid osmotic pressure
C. Na ion concentration
D. Cl ion concentration
E. Total osmolarity
Which of the following is true of the tubular fluid that passes through the lumen of the
early distal tubule in the region of the macula densa?
A. It is usually isotonic.
B. It is usually hypotonic.
C. It is usually hyertonic.
D. It is hypertonic in antidiuresis.
E. It is hypertonic when the filtration rate of its own nephron decreases to 50% below
normal.
Aldosterone site of action is

A. Collecting tubule and duct
B. Proximal tubule, thick ascending LOH/distal tubule, collecting tubule
C. Distal tubule/Collecting tubule and duct
D. Proximal tubule, thick ascending LOH/distal tubule
Antidiuretic hormone site of action is

Atrial natriuretic peptide site of action is


Hydrostatic Pressure of The Blood

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1.

2. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the:

The GFR is increased by:

The ultimate rate of excretion of K+ in the urine is determined by the:

The hypertonic medullary interstitium is generated in large part by:

In dehydration, ADH is released, which reduces water excretion by:

When dietary intake of K+ increases, body K+ balance is maintained by an increase in

Which tends to increase GFR?

The principal cells in the cortical collecting tubules

The type A intercalated cells in the collecting tubules

Aldosterone site of action is

Antidiuretic hormone site of action is

Atrial natriuretic peptide site of action is

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