Qualitativeresearch 100211134928 Phpapp01

Qualitative Research
“A form of social inquiry that

focuses on the way people
interpret and make sense of
their experiences and the
world in which they live.”
Qualitative/Quantitative
Differences
 The aim is a detailed description.  The aim is to classify features,
 Researcher may only know roughly count them, and construct
in advance what he/she is looking statistical models in an attempt to
for. explain what is observed.
 The design emerges as the study  Researcher knows clearly in
unfolds. advance what he/she is looking for.
 Researcher is the data gathering  All aspects of the study are
instrument. carefully designed before data is
 Data is in the form of words, collected.
pictures or objects.  Researcher questionnaires or
 Subjective - individuals’ equipment to collect numerical
interpretation of events is data.
important  Data is numerical in nature.
 Qualitative data is more 'rich', time  Objective – seeks measurement &
consuming, and not generalizable. analysis of target concepts.
 Researcher tends to become  Quantitative data is more efficient,
subjectively immersed in the able to test hypotheses.
subject matter.  Researcher tends to remain
separated from the subject matter.
Main Types of Qualitative Research
Attempts to shed light on a phenomena by studying in depth a single

Case Study case example of the phenomena. The case can be an individual
person, an event, a group, or an institution.
Grounded Theory is developed inductively from a corpus of data acquired by a

Theory participant-observer.
Describes the structures of experience as they present themselves to
Phenomenology consciousness, without recourse to theory, deduction, or assumptions
from other disciplines
Focuses on the sociology of meaning through close field observation of
Ethnography sociocultural phenomena. Typically, the ethnographer focuses on a
community.
Systematic collection and objective evaluation of data related to past

Historical occurrences in order to test hypotheses concerning causes, effects, or
trends of these events that may help to explain present events and
anticipate future events.
Main Types of Qualitative Data
Collection & Analysis
 "Those who are not familiar with qualitative
methodology may be surprised by the sheer
volume of data and the detailed level of
analysis that results even when research is
confined to a small number of subjects"
(Myers, 2002).
There are three main methods of
data collection:
1. Interactive People asked to verbally described their experiences of
interviewing phenomenon.
2. Written descriptions People asked to write descriptions of their experiences

by participants of phenomenon.
3. Observation Descriptive observations of verbal and non-verbal behavior.
Analysis begins when the data is first collected and is used to guide decisions related to
further data collection.
"In communicating--or generating--the data, the researcher must make the process of
the study accessible and write descriptively so tacit knowledge may best be
communicated through the use of rich, thick descriptions" (Myers, 2002).
Qualitative Research:
Funnel Approach
General research questions
Collect data
Narrower research questions
Collect data
Narrower
research
questions
Conclusions
Qualitative Research:
Inductive Approach
Specific Emergent Data
narrow
research
question
Collect data
Broader question
Collect data
Broader question
Conclusions
Qualitative Research Methods:
Triangulation
 Method to enhance the validity & reliability of

qualitative research
 Enhances accuracy of interpretation
 Confirms that the data collected is not due to
chance or circumstances
Qualitative Research Design:
Triangulation
For example:
 Collect data from  May interview teachers,
multiple sources principals & parents
 Collect data in  May interview & observe
multiple ways from students
subjects
 Collect different  May review student
kinds of data in records, interview
multiple ways from teachers, observe students
multiple subjects
Qualitative Research Design:
Triangulation
Multiple data
collection strategies
Kinds of
data
Subjects Data collection

Multiple (data sources) strategies Multiple data
kinds of data sources
Strengths
 aims to understand meaning

 interpretation in particular settings,
situations and conditions
 rigorous and systematic data collection
and analysis often concurrently
 data rich in descriptions
 concepts derived from the data itself
Strengths
 aims to explore and communicate
 hypothesis generation
 need for a reflexive account ‘tell how the
study was done’
 need for triangulation, multiple points of
observation
Challenges
 small scale
 non-representative samples
 bias
 access to samples
 time consuming
 record keeping
 data reduction
Challenges
 relationships between the researcher and
the researched
 subjectivity
 reliability
 verification
 difficulty in studying large populations
Mixed Method (Qual/Quan)
 Before quantitative  To develop hypotheses
 Explore concepts
 Define terminologies
 Describe
 Alongside quantitative  To explain
 Illuminate
 Qualify or illustrate
 After Quantitative  To follow-up
Results are Available subgroups of interest
 Explore unexplained
statistical relationships
 Illuminate decisions,
processes, etc.

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Qualitative Research

“A form of social inquiry that

Attempts to shed light on a phenomena by studying in depth a single

Grounded Theory is developed inductively from a corpus of data acquired by a

Systematic collection and objective evaluation of data related to past

2. Written descriptions People asked to write descriptions of their experiences

3. Observation Descriptive observations of verbal and non-verbal behavior.

 Method to enhance the validity & reliability of

Subjects Data collection

 aims to understand meaning

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