Apostolic Vicariate of Tabuk Catholic Schools System, Inc.

7 St. William’s Academy Bulanao, Inc.

Senior High School Department
Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga, 3800 Philippines
C.N:___
School Year 2020 – 2021

LEARNING MODULE IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

MODULE NO.3-4. CONCEPT MODULE

TOPIC: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PROCEDURES
Dear Parents;
In this time of health pandemic, we would be glad if you could help us facilitate this lesson to our learners to be able to
continue his/her the holistic development. Thank you and we will heal and journey as one.
School Administration
I. LEARNING TARGETS:
At the end of this lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Describe qualitative research designs;
2. Choose appropriate qualitative research designs;
3. Describe sampling procedure and the sample.
II. LESSON PROPER
DEFINITION OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 According to Silverman (2013); Litchman (2013); Walliman (2014); and Suter (2012), qualitative research is an act of
inquiry or investigation of real-life events. It is concerned with own experiences of a life event, and the aim is to
interpret what has been said in order to explain why it is said. This is called natural setting.
 Qualitative Research is a scientific method of observation to gather non-numerical data. It refers to the meanings,
concepts, characteristics, metaphors, symbols and description of phenomena, and not to their counts or measures.
Kinds of Qualitative Research
1. ETHNOGRAPHY-is the descriptive study of people and their culture. The ethnographic model is one of the major types
of qualitative research methods used in social sciences, especially in anthropology. This method of research aims to study
individuals in their own habitat through the usage of methods like observations, interviews etc. This method is useful for
studying both remote cultures as well as smaller communities within any particular region. A detailed ethnographic research
may require the researcher to spend a long time doing fieldwork in the particular area of study, often extending to several
months or even years.
The table shows the basic elements of the ethnography method.

Ethnography Method

 Describe cultural characteristics

Purpose

 Identify the cultural aspects and variables

by reviewing the literature
 Getting involved in the environment, live
Method with the target audience, and collect data
through observing and interacting with
subjects

Analysis Describe the main parameters of culture

Outcomes A detailed description of the social morals

-Ethnography is a branch of anthropology that provides the scientific explanation of human societies and cultures. It is one
of the most popular and widely used techniques of qualitative research.

-The fieldwork requires the researcher to get involved in the environment and live with the focus group. Such an interaction
is done to understand the goals, motivations, challenges, and cultures of the individuals.

-Similarly, it also helps to illustrate the cultural characteristics such as:

 Location
 Religion
 Tribal systems
 Shared experience
  Life style

Rather than conducting surveys and interviews, researchers experience the environment and act as an observer. Thus, the
primary data collection method is observation over an extended period.

However, it would also be appropriate to interview those who have studied the same cultures.

Ethnographic research becomes difficult if the researcher is not familiar with the social morals and language of the group.
Furthermore, interpretations by outsiders may also lead to confusion.

Thus, it requires the researcher to validate the data before presenting the findings.

For Example:

A good approach to understand the needs of the customers is by observing their daily activities. Notice how they interact
with the product.

For this, you don’t have to come up with any hypotheses to test. However, you only need it in the social life of the subjects.

2. CASE STUDY- A case study involves a detailed examination of a particular person, event or community. This is one of
the types of qualitative research methods used extensively in the field of social sciences, law, business and health. The data
for the case study is obtained through diverse methods including interviews and observations. A case study is the most
suitable method for gaining a total and in depth knowledge of a particular issue.

Here are the main characteristics of a case study method.

Case Study

Describe an experience, person, event, or place in

Purpose
detail

Method Direct observation and interaction with the subject

Analysis Analyze the experiences

Outcomes An in-depth description of the subjects

The case study approach occurs over extended periods of time to compile information. It involves an in-depth understanding
of a subject such as an event, person, business, or place.

Similarly, the data is collected from various sources, including interviews, direct observation, and historical documentation.

Case studies are carried out in different disciplines like law, education, medicine, and sciences. Therefore, they can be
descriptive or explanatory in nature.

Furthermore, this method is used when the researcher wants to focus on:

 ‘How’ and ‘why’ research questions

 The behaviors under observation
 Understand the phenomenon
 The context of the phenomena

For Example:

Businesses can use case studies to show their business solutions effectively. Similarly, it also helps them to identify how
they can solve a particular problem for the subject.

Let’s suppose a company AB introduces new UX designs into an agile environment. It would be considered as enlightening
to many companies.

3. HISTORICAL METHOD- Historical model is one of the unique approaches within qualitative research which is
involved in the detailed study of past events in order to get a better understanding of the present and predict future events on
that basis. The main objective of this model is to analyse the effects of the past on the present and thereby identify similar
processes in the present to anticipate their effects in the future. Reviewing relevant literature is the main source of data for
this method, although oral sources may also be used.
Have a look at the table below to understand the historical method.

Historical Method

Describe and examines past events to understand

Purpose
present patterns and predicting future scenarios

 Develop your idea after reading the

relevant literature
 Develop the types of qualitative research
questions
 Identify the sources - archives, libraries,
papers
Method
 Clarify the reliability and validity of data
sources
 Create a research outline to organize the
process
 Collect data

 Analyze the data by accepting or rejecting

it
Analysis
 Identify the conflicting evidence

Present the findings in the form of biography or

Outcomes
paper

The historical method describes past events to understand present scenarios and predict future choices. It answers the
research questions based on a hypothetical idea. Later this technique used multiple resources to test the idea for any potential
challenges.

It also requires the development of the research outline to organize the whole process. Lastly, the historical method presents
the findings in the form of a biography.

For Example:

For creating new ads, businesses can use historical data of previous ad campaigns and the targeted demographics.

4. GROUNDED THEORY- the researcher begins with a broad query in a particular subject and then collects relevant
information about the topic. As the action processes of data collection continue, each piece of information is reviewed,
compared, and contrasted with other information. From this constant comparison process, commonalities and differences
among categories of information become clear, and ultimately a theory that explains observations is inductively developed.
Grounded Theory can also be useful in modifying existing theory or to expand or uncover differences from what is already
known.Requires extensive and repeated shifting through the gathered data and analyzing and re-analyzing multiple times in
order to identify new theory. It is an approach best suited to research projects where the phenomenon to be investigated has
not been previously explored. This means that Grounded Theory can be best employed if there is no available review of
related literature regarding the phenomenon.
5. PHENOMENOLOGY is designed to focus on the commonality of a lived experience with a particular group. The
fundamental goal of this research is to arrive at a description of the nature of the particular phenomenon. The common
gathering method is this research is Participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA). PHENOMENOLOGY aims to determine what an
experience means for the persons who have had the experience of living in a certain community which is the subject of the
research.

PHENOMENOLOGY seeks reality from individuals’ narratives of their experiences and feelings, and to produce in-depth
descriptions of the phenomenon.

The examples of phenomenology are “Life without Gadgets”, “Post-Traumatic Experiences in the Battle Fields of
Maguindanao: A Phenomenological Study”, “Resilience of Indigenous Peoples (IP’s) in their Mountainous Homeland” and
“Students Today and Students Now: A Phenomenological Study” .

6. NARRATIVE REPORT is designed to present things or events that have happened in the past through a logical
progression of the relevant information. The main purpose of a narrative report is to present a factual depiction of what has
occurred.

The examples of narrative report are “High School Life: The Most Unforgettable Life of Students” , “Finding Love: How I
Met my Soulmate”, Finding Beauty in the Printed Word: How I Learn Poetry”, “Vocabulary Building of Students Through
Proper Solid Waste Management” and “My First Love: Never Dies”.
SAMPLING PROCEDURES IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING- is used when participants are grouped according to set of criteria specified in your research, for
example, varsity players in your school, or working students. Creswell (2005) listed nine types of purposive sampling (cited
in Fraenkel and Wallen, 2010):

1. Typical Sample- the typical representatives of that being studied such as a class of grade 9 students.
2. Critical Sample- is considered to be exceptional or unusual such as a group of high achievers despite physical disabilities.
3. Homogenous Sample- considered if all the members of the sample have a common characterstics or trait such as a group
of singers.
4. Theoretical Sample- is considered in helping the researcher to understand a new concept or theory such as choosing a
group of student leaders in assessing student leadership.
5. Oppurtunistic Sample- is chosen during the study to take advantage of new conditions or circumtances that have arisen
such as group of grade 7 students who are the first to be involved in the implementation of K-12 curriculum.
6. Extereme Case- sample is considered if all the members of the group do not fit with the general pattern or display
extreme characteristics such as group of high school students who achieve high grade despite poor social environment.
7. Confirming Sample- obtained to validate initial findings such as a follow-up interview of a group of teachers to verify
the frequent absenteeism of students.
8. Maximal Variation- sample is selected to represent a wide perspective or characteristics such as a group of players who
possess a wide variety of behavior on the new policy of sports competition.
9. Snowball sample- selected as the need arises during the conduct of research such as a group of schools heads is needed
because they were recommended during the interviews of school principals.

Note: Submit only the activity sheet (last page). The remaining pages of the concept module will serve as your
reviewer

Apostolic Vicariate of Tabuk Catholic Schools System, Inc.

7 St. William’s Academy Bulanao, Inc.

Senior High School Department
Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga, 3800 Philippines
C.N:___
 School Year 2020 – 2021
LEARNING MODULE IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
ASSESSMENT MODULE
TOPIC: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PROCEDURES
C.N:____ Name: _____________________________________ Grade and Section:_______________________
ACTIVITY 1:Identify what type of Qualitative Research is described by each of the following. Right your answer in the
blank.
1. The focus of this qualitative research is theory development.____________________
2. It is the most familiar and applicable qualitative research which deals with the traditions and cultures of an ethnic
group. ____________________
3. It is designed to focus on the commonality of a lived experience with a particular group. _________________
4. It is an exploration of a “bounded system” or a “case” or “multiple case” over time through detailed, in-depth data
collection of information. ____________________
5. It is the analysis of language “beyond the sentence” . ____________________
6. It is a method of examination of evidence in understanding the past events. ____________________
7. It is the study of an individual’s struggles and how they reflect cultural themes of the society. ____________________
8. It is designed to present things or events that have happened in the past through a logical presentation of the relevant
information. ____________________
9. It refers to the investigation of a culture through indepth study of the members of the society. ____________________
10. It is primarily conducted to generate theory through relevant information from very reliable sources.
____________________
11. Its main purpose is to appreciate, reflect and preserve cultural heritage. ____________________
12. If little things are known for the topic and no available review of related literature from printed materials, what type of
qualitative research is very useful? ____________________
13. It involves the systematic collection, description, and analysis of data for development of theories of cultural behavior.
____________________
14. This research can be useful in modifying existing theory or to expand or uncover differences from what is already
known. ____________________
15. The fundamental goal of this research is to arrive at a description of the nature of the particular phenomenon.
____________________
16. The context of the case involves situating the case within its natural setting, which may be physical, social, historical
and/or economic. ____________________
17. It aims to determine what an experience means for the persons who have had the experience of living in a community
which is the subject of the study. ____________________
18. It melds linguistics and sociology by taking into account the social and context that language is used.
____________________
19. The purpose of this research is to reach insights or conclusions about past persons or occurrences.
____________________
20. It is concerned with the reconstruction of the histories and the constitution of meaning on biographical narratives and
documents ____________________
21. It is the most fundamental or common type of biographical research with focus on the historical portrayal of an
individual life. ____________________
22. It is another genre of biography which forsakes the need for basic chronological structure and it develops a narrative
of a life through the conceptual analysis of the subject’s motives and beliefs within the world of ideas.
____________________
23. It is a type of biography which refers to the recording of life memories, experiences, whether one’s or another’s.
____________________
24. It is a type of biography which is designed to give emphasis on the stylistic presentation of the biographer's reflections
and insights in relation to the factual account of life. ____________________
25. The purpose of this biography is to enable family information as well as emotions and feelings about history to be
remembered. ____________________
Note: Submit only this sheet. The remaining pages of the concept module will serve as your reviewer

Prepared By: Ms. Lyka Francess S. Balunggay, LPT Checked by: Mr. Alexis B. Luban, MPA
Subject Teacher SHS Coordinator

Approved by: Sr. Celestina Bangcoleng, SIHM

Principal
Parent’ Signature: ______________________________Date: ___________________