Lecture 1

REVIEW
GENERAL
SURVEYING I
LORIE CRIS SANCHEZ – ASUBE, MSLAM LECTURE

Instructor NO. 1
GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1
Introduction
 Basic field operations performed by a surveyor
involve linear and angular measurements.
 Through application of mathematics (geometry and
trigonometry) and spatial information knowledge, the
surveyor converts these measurements to the
horizontal and vertical relationships necessary to
produce maps, plans of engineering projects, or
Geographical Information System/ Land Information
System (GIS/LIS).

Observation vs. Measurement
 An observation is a single, unadjusted determination of
a linear or angular value. A single reading of an angle or
a single reading of an EDM is an observation.
 An observed value is a quantity that is obtained by
instrumental measurement of the quantity.
 A direct observation is an observation of the desired
quantity while an indirect observation is a quantity
computed from direct observations.
 For example, rod readings in leveling are direct observations
and the elevation difference between two points that is
computed from these rod readings is an indirect observation.

 A measurement is the entire process of obtaining
a desired quantity.
 A measurement entails performing a physical
operation that usually consists of several more
elementary operations such as preparations
(instrument calibration and setup), pointing,
matching, and comparing (reading).
 The result of these physical operations renders a
numerical value that is called a “measurement”.

Should Surveys be considered

as measurements or as
observations?

Linear and Angular Measurements
 Points on the ground or on a map are related to each

other through a horizontal distance and a horizontal angle
(or direction).
 Measuring distances alone in surveying does not
establish the location of an object.
 We need to locate the object in 3 dimensions. To
accomplish that we need:
1. Horizontal length (distance)
2. Difference in height (elevation)
3. Angular direction.

Angle
 An angle is defined as the difference in direction between
two convergent lines.
 A horizontal angle is formed by the directions to two

objects in a horizontal plane.
 A vertical angle is formed by two intersecting lines in a

vertical plane, one of these lines horizontal.
 A zenith angle is the complementary angle to the vertical

angle and is formed by two intersecting lines in a vertical
plane, one of these lines directed toward the zenith.

Types of Angular Measurements
 Horizontal angular measurements are made
between survey lines to determine the angle
between the lines.
 Vertical angular measurements are measured to
determine slope of survey lines from the horizontal
plane (level line).

Types of Measured Angles
 Interior angles are
measured clockwise or
counter-clockwise between
two adjacent lines on the
inside of a closed polygon
figure.
 Exterior angles are
measured clockwise or
counter-clockwise between
two adjacent lines on the
outside of a closed polygon
figure.

 Deflection angles, right or left, are measured from an
extension of the preceding course and the ahead line. It
must be noted when the deflection is right (R) or left (L).

 Angles to the right are turned from the back line in a
clockwise or right hand direction to the ahead line.
 Angles to the left are turned from the back line in a
counter-clockwise or left hand direction to the ahead line.

Bearings and Azimuths
The Relative directions of lines connecting survey
points may be obtained in a variety of ways.

The figure below on the left shows lines intersecting at a point. The direction of any
line with respect to an adjacent line is given by the horizontal angle between the 2
lines and the direction of rotation.
The figure on the right shows the same system of lines but with all the
angles measured from a line of reference (O-M). The direction of any line
with respect to the line of reference is given by the angle between the
lines and its direction of rotation.
The line of reference we use is a
Meridian
There are several types of meridians:
1. Astronomical or True
2. Magnetic
3. Grid
4. Assumed

Astronomical or True Meridians
 A plane passing through a point on the surface of the
earth and containing the earth’s axis of rotation defines
the astronomical or true meridian at that point.
 Astronomical meridians are determined by observing the

position of the sun or a star.
 For a given point on the earth, its direction is always the

same and therefore directions referred to the astronomical
or true meridian remain unchanged. This makes it a good
line of reference.


 Convergence
 Astronomical or true meridians on the
surface of the earth are lines of
geographic longitude and they converge
toward each other at the poles. The
amount of convergence between
meridians depends on the distance from
the equator and the longitude between
the meridians.

Magnetic Meridian
 A magnetic meridian lies parallel with the magnetic lines
of force of the earth.
 The earth acts very much like a bar magnet with a north
magnetic pole located considerably south of the north
pole defined by the earth’s rotational axis.
 The magnetic pole is not fixed in position, but rather
changes its position continually.
 The direction of a magnetized needle defines the
magnetic meridian at that point at that time.
 Because the magnetic meridian changes as magnetic
north changes, magnetic meridians do not make good
lines of reference.

Magnetic Meridian

Grid Meridians
 In plane surveys it is convenient to perform the work in
a rectangular XY coordinate system in which one
central meridian coincides with a true meridian.
 All remaining meridians are parallel to this central true
meridian. This eliminates the need to calculate the
convergence of meridians when determining positions
of points in the system.
 The methods of plane surveying, assume that all
measurements are projected to a horizontal plane and
that all meridians are parallel straight lines.
 These are known as grid meridians.

Grid Meridians

Assumed Meridians
 An assumed meridian is an arbitrary direction
assigned to some line in the survey from which
all other lines are referenced. This could be a line
between two property monuments, the centerline
of a tangent piece of roadway, or even the line
between two points set for that purpose.
 Assumed meridians is that they have no
relationship to any other meridian and thus the
survey cannot be readily (if at all) related to other
surveys. Also, if the original monuments are
disturbed, the direction may not be reproducible.

It is good practice when
assuming a direction to
avoid directions that might
appear to be true.

Azimuths
 The azimuth of a line on the ground is its horizontal
angle measured from the meridian to the line.
 Azimuth gives the direction of the line with respect to
the meridian.
 It is usually measured in a clockwise direction with
respect to either the north meridian or the south
meridian.

Azimuths
 In plane surveying, azimuths are generally measured
from the south (here in Philippines).
 When using azimuths, one needs to designate
whether the azimuth is from the north or the south.
 Azimuths are called true (astronomical) azimuths,
magnetic azimuths, grid azimuths, or assumed
azimuths depending on the type of meridian
referenced.
 Azimuths may have values between 0 and 360
degrees.

Using the deflection angles shown, calculate North
azimuths of the lines.

Bearings
 The bearing of a line
also gives the direction
of a line with respect to
the reference meridian.
The bearing states
whether the angle is
measured from the north
or the south and also
whether the angle is
measured toward the
east or west.
 Bearing may have
values between 0 and 90
degrees.

Quadrantal System
N
North-West North-East
( NW ) ( NE )
Quadrant Quadrant
(+,-) (+,+)
W E
South-West South-East
( SW ) ( SE )
Quadrant Quadrant
(-,-) (-,+)
S
Azimuth from South
N 180ᵒ
90ᵒ W E 270ᵒ
0ᵒ S 360ᵒ
Azimuth from North
360º N 0ᵒ
270ᵒ W E 90ᵒ
S 180ᵒ
Conversion: Azimuth to Bearing
( From South )
SW Quadrant: 180ᵒ
N
Azimuth = Bearing
NW Quadrant: NW (NE
Quadrant Quadrant
Azimuth = 180° -
Bearing
NE Quadrant: W E
90ᵒ 270ᵒ
Azimuth = 180° +
SW SE
Bearing Quadrant Quadrant
SE Quadrant:
Azimuth = 360° - S
Bearing 0ᵒ

Forward and Back Bearings
 Forward Bearing
 when the bearing of a line is observes in the direction
in which the survey progresses.
 Example: N. 44° 38’ E. and S. 42° 30’ E.
 Back Bearing
 if the bearing of the line is observed in an opposite
direction.
 Example: S. 44° 38’ W. and N. 42° 30’ W.

Forward and Back Azimuth
To determine the back azimuth when the forward
azimuth is known, the following rules are used:
Rule 1 : If the forward azimuth of the line is greater

than 180ᵒ, subtract 180ᵒ to obtain the back azimuth.
Rule 2 : If the forward azimuth of the line is less than
180ᵒ, add 180ᵒ to obtain the back azimuth.

Example
LINE FORWARD BACK FORWARD BACK

AZIMUTH FROM SOUTH AZIMUTH FROM NORTH
AB 230° 00” 50° 00” 50° 00” 230° 00”
BC 314° 00” 134° 00” 134° 00” 314° 00”

Traverse
 A Traverse is a succession of straight lines along or
through the area to be surveyed. The directions and
lengths of these lines are determined by measurements
taken in the field.
 A traverse consists of a series of lines, whose lengths

and directions are measured, connecting points whose
positions are to be determined.
 The route of the traverse line can be adjusted for

obstacles such as rough or timbered terrain, swampy
land, buildings and areas of heavy traffic.

Traverse
 An open traverse begins at a point of known position and
ends at a station whose relative position is unknown.
 This type of traverse is frequently used for preliminary
surveys for highways.
 A closed traverse begins and ends at the same point

whose position is known.
 An example of this type of traverse is a perimeter
survey of a tract of land.

A traverse may be either open or closed as shown
below:

Types of Closed Traverse
Loop traverse
 A loop traverse starts on a station of known
position and terminates on the same station.
 An examination of the position misclosure in a
loop traverse will reveal measurement blunders
and internal loop errors, but will not disclose
systematic errors or external inaccuracies in the
control point coordinates.

Types of Closed Traverse
Connecting traverse
 A connecting traverse starts on a station of known
position and terminates on a different station of
known position.
 When using this type of traverse the systematic
errors and position inaccuracies can be detected
and eliminated along with blunders and accidental
errors.
 The ability to correct measurement error depends
on the known accuracy of the control point
coordinates.

Purpose of a Traverse
 A traverse is currently the most common of several
possible methods for establishing a series or
network of monuments with known positions on the
ground.
 Such monuments are referred to as horizontal
control points and collectively, they comprise the
horizontal control for the project.

Requirements (1):
The following minimum guidelines should be
followed for traverse procedures:
(1) Origin. All traverses will originate from and tie

into an existing control line of equal or higher
accuracy.
 Astronomic observation. If it is impossible to start or
terminate on stations of known position and/or
azimuth, then an astronomic observation for position
and/or azimuth must be conducted.

Requirements (1), cont:
(2) Traverse setup.
 The specific route of a new traverse shall be selected with
care, keeping in mind its primary purpose and the flexibility
of its future use.
 Angle points should be set in protected locations if possible.
 Examples of protected locations include fence lines, under
communication or power lines, near poles, or near any
permanent concrete structure.
 It may be necessary to set critical points below the ground
surface. If this is the case, reference the traverse point
relative to permanent features by a sketch, as buried points
are often difficult to recover at future dates.

Requirements (1), cont:
(3) Accuracy. Traversing is conducted under four
general orders of accuracy:
• First Order
• Second Order
• Third Order
• Fourth Order
The order of accuracy for traversing is
determined by the equipment and methods used to
collect the traverse measurements, by the final
accuracy attained, and by the coordinate accuracy
of the starting and terminating stations of the
traverse.

Traverse Requirement for 2nd and 3rd Order
type Accuracies:

Azimuth Traverse
 It is measured clockwise either from the north or
south end of a selected reference meridian to the
line.
 These angles may lie anywhere between 0 and 360
degrees.
 It is used extensively on topographic and other
surveys where a large number of details are to be
located by angular and linear measurements from
traverse stations.

Traverse Computation
There are various other computation and adjustments
required for a closed traverse:
1. Determining the latitudes and departures and their
respective algebraic sums.
2. Calculating the total error of closure.
3. Balancing the survey.
4. Determining the adjusted position of each traverse
station.
5. Computing the area.
6. Dividing a several tract into similar parts.

Latitudes and Departures
Latitudes
 It is a projection onto the reference meridian or a
north-south line.
 Sometimes referred to as northings or southings.
 Its lines with northerly bearings are designated as
being north (N) or positive (+) and in southerly
direction are designated as south (S) or negative (-).

Latitudes and Departures
Departures
 It is a projection onto the reference parallel or an east-
west line.
 Its lines with easterly bearings are designated as being
east (E) or positive (+) and in westerly bearing are
designated as west (W) or negative (-)

N
α
+ L a t ab
ab d
ab
W E
A + D e p
ab
R ef e r e n c e M e ri di a n

Formula:
Lat ab d ab cos  ab
Dep ab  d ab sin  ab

Linear Error of Closure
( LEC )
 It is usually a short line of unknown length and direction
connecting the initial and final stations of the traverse.
 It is approximately determined by plotting the traverse to
scale, or more exactly by computing the hypotenuse of a
right triangle whose sides are the closure in latitude and
the closure in departure, respectively.
 CD
LEC  C L  C 2 2
D and tan  
 CL
Linear Error of Closure
( LEC )
where:
LEC = linear error of closure
CL = closure in latitude or the
algebraic sum of north and
south latitudes.
CD = closure in departure of the
algebraic sum of the east
and west departures.
θ = bearing angle of the side of
error.

The linear error of closure does not indicate the precision of the
measurements until it is compared with the total length of the traverse. A
convenient and more useful measure of precision is defined by the ratio of the
error of closure to the perimeter or total length of the traverse.
LEC
RP 
D
where:
RP = relative precision
LEC = linear error of closure
D = total length or perimeter of
the traverse.

Traverse Adjustment
The procedure of computing the linear error of closure
and applying corrections to the individual latitudes and
departures for the purpose of providing a
mathematically closed figure.
There are different rules and methods used in
adjusting a traverse.
1. Graphical and analytical – it will produce a closed
figure.
2. Least squares method – provides the most rigorous
adjustment .
3. Arbitrary method, compass rule, transit rule, and the
Crandall method – they are all approximate methods of
traverse adjustment.

Arbitrary Method
 The latitudes and departures are adjusted in a
discretionary manner according to the surveyor’s
assessment of the conditions surrounding the
survey.
 It is the simplest to perform.
 This method does not conform to established
rules or mathematical equations since the
surveyor simply relies on his own estimation and
personal judgment.

Compass Rule
 It is based on the assumption that all lengths are
measured with equal care and all angles taken with
approximately the same precision.
 It is also assumed that the errors in the
measurement is accidental and that the total error in
any side of the traverse is directly proportional to the
total length of the traverse.
 It may be stated as follows: The correction to be
applied to the latitude ( or departure ) of any course
is equal to the total closure in latitude ( or
departure ) multiplied by the ratio of the length of the
course to the total length or perimeter of the
traverse.

d d
Cl  C L ( ) and Cd  CD ( )
D D
where:
Cl = correction to be applied to the latitude of
any course.
Cd = correction to be applied to the departure
of any course.
CL = total closure in latitude or the algebraic
sum of the north and south latitudes
( ΣNL + ΣSL ).
CD = total closure in departure or the algebraic
sum of the east and west departure ( ΣED
+ ΣWD ).
d = length of any course.
D = total length or perimeter of the traverse.
Note:
If the sum of the north latitudes exceeds the sum of
the south latitudes, latitudes corrections are
subtracted from north latitudes and added to
corresponding south latitudes. However, if the sum
of the south latitudes, exceeds the sum of the
north latitudes, the corrections are applied in the
opposite manner. A similar procedure is used
when adjusting the departure.

Adjusted Lengths and
Directions
After the latitudes and departures of the course
of a closed traverse have so adjusted, the
bearings ( or azimuth ) of the course and their
lengths should also be adjusted to correspond
to the adjusted latitudes and departures.
Dep '
L'  ( Lat ' )  ( Dep ' )
2 2
and tan  
Lat '

Adjusted Lengths and
Directions
where:
L’ = adjusted length of a course.
Lat’ = adjusted latitude of a course.
Dep’ = adjusted departure of a course.
ά = adjusted horizontal angle
between the reference meridian
and a course.

Transit Rule
 It is similar to the method using the compass
rule, the main difference is that with this rule
the latitude and departure corrections depend
on the length of the latitude and departure of
the course respectively instead of both
depending on the length of the course.
 It has no sound theoretical foundation since it
is purely empirical.

Transit Rule
 This is based on the assumption that the angular
measurements are more precise than the linear
measurements and that the errors in traversing
are accidental.
 It may be stated as: The correction to be applied
to the latitude ( or departure ) of any course is
equal to the latitude ( or departure ) of the course
multiplied by the ratio of the total closure in
latitude ( or departure ) to the arithmetical sum of
all the latitudes ( or departure ) of the traverse.

Lat ( C L ) Dep ( C D )
Cl  and Cd 
 NL   SL  ED   WD
where:
Cl = correction to be applied to the latitude of
any course.
Cd = correction to be applied to the departure
of any course.
CL = total closure in latitude or the algebraic
sum of the north and south latitudes
( ΣNL + ΣSL ).
CD = total closure in departure or the
algebraic sum of the east and west
departure ( ΣED + ΣWD ).

ΣNL = summation of north
latitudes
ΣSL = summation of south
latitudes
ΣED = summation of east
departures
ΣWD = summation of west
departures
Note:
Latitude and departure corrections are applied in
a manner similar to that described for the
compass rule.

Methods of Determining Area
1. Area by Triangles
2. Area by Coordinates
3. Area by Double Meridian Method
4. Area by Double Parallel Method
5. Area by Offsets from a Straight Line
a. Area by Trapezoidal Rule
b. Area by Simpson’s One Third Rule
6. Area by Planimeter
7. Area by Graphical Method
8. Area by Coordinate Squares

Area by Triangles
The following are the commonly used cases:

1. Known Base and Altitude
B A = ½ (b)(h)
where:
h A- area
b- base
A
C h- altitude
b

2. Two Sides and Included 3. Three Sides Measured
Angle Measured A  s(s  a)( s  b)( s  c)
A = ½ (a)(b)sin 
where: where:
A - area B
A- area 
a
s – (a+b+c)/2
a,b – sides of the triangle C 
 - angle between a,b,c – sides of
sides a and b the triangle b
 A
A s
B

a A

b c
C
b
B
C
A
a
A  s(s  a)( s  b)( s  c)

2. Tw o S i d e s a n d I n c l u d e d A n g l e M e a s u r e d
A = ½ (a )( b)s i n
w h er e:
A - ar e
a,b –
t ri a n g l e ( m )
A
GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1 si de s a a nd b
-
Area by Coordinates
CORNERS COORDINATES
X1 A TOTAL TOTAL
a DEP LAT
A X1 Y1
X2
b B B X2 Y2
X4 D C X3 Y3
d Y1 X4 Y4
D
X3 Y2
c

Area of ABCD = Area of Trapezoid aABb +
Area of Trapezoid bBCc -
Area of Trapezoid aADd –
Area of Trapezoid dDCc
The area in terms of X and Y coordinates is:

Area of ABCD = (1/2)(X1+X2)(Y1-Y2) +
(1/2)(X2+X3)(Y2-Y3) –
(1/2)(X1+X4)(Y1-Y4) –
(1/2)(X4+X3)(Y4-Y3)
In surveying it is more convenient to reduce the above
equation to the conventional determinant form as
derived in analytic geometry, thus

1 X1 X 2 X 3 X 4 X1
Area of ABCD 
2 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y1
To be suitable for determining the area of a closed

traverse having any number of sides, the following
general form is used.
1 X1 X 2 X 3 X n X1
Area  .....
2 Y1 Y2 Y3 Yn Y1
where:
X1, X2, X3, etc. = X-coordinates or total
departures
Y1, Y2, Y3, etc. = Y-coordinates or total
latitudes

Double Meridian Distance
Rule 1:
The DMD of the first course is equal to the
departure of the course.
Rule 2:
The DMD of any other course is equal to the
DMD of the preceding course, plus the departure of
the preceding course, plus the departure of the
course itself.
Rule 3:
The DMD of the last course is numerically equal
to the departure of that course, but with the opposite
sign.

Double Parallel Distance
Rule 1:
The DPD of the first course is equal to the
latitude of the course.
Rule 2:
The DPD of any other course is equal to the
DPD of the preceding course, plus the latitude of the
preceding course, plus the latitude of the course
itself.
Rule 3:
The DMD of the last course is numerically equal
to the latitude of that course, but with the opposite
sign.

EXAMPLE PROBLEM:
From the given shown below:
LINE BEARING DISTANCE
AB N. 05º 30’ E. 495.85 m.
BC N. 46º 02’ E. 850.62 m.
CD S. 67º 38’ E. 855.45 m.
DE S. 12º 25’ E. 1.020.87 m.
EF S. 83º 44’ W. 1,117.26 m.
FA N. 55º 09’ W. 660.08 m.

Solve the following:
a. Latitude and Departure
b. Compass Rule and Transit Rule
c. Adjusted Latitude and
Departure ( use compass rule correction )
d. Adjusted Bearing and Distance
e. Area using either DMD or DPD Method
f. Linear Error of Closure
g. Relative Precision

Solution:
a. Computing the latitude and departure:
Lat = Length x cos Dep = Length x sin 
LINE COMPUTED LAT COMPUTED DEP
+N -S +E -W
AB 493.57 47.53
BC 590.53 612.23
CD 325.53 791.09
DE 996.99 219.51
EF 121.96 1,110.58
FA 377.19 541.70
SUMS ΣNL= ΣSL= ΣED= ΣWD=
+1,461.29 -1,444.48 +1,670.36 -1,652.28

• Total closure in latitude
CL = ΣNL + ΣSL = +1,461.29+(-1,444.48)=+16.81 m.
• Total closure in departure
CD = ΣED + ΣWD = +1,670.36+(-1,652.28)=+18.08 m.
• Perimeter ( D ) = 5, 000.13 m. ( length of the
traverse ).

COMPASS RULE
b.1 Correction for Latitude and Departure
 d   d 
cl  C L   cd  C D  
D D
CL CD
Let K1  K2 
D D
cl  dK1 cd  dK 2

CL 16.81
K1    0.00336
D 5,000.13
cab  495.85 x 0.00336  1.67
cbc  850.62 x 0.00336  2.86
ccd  855.45 x 0.00336  2.88
cde  1,020.87 x 0.00336  3.43
cef  1,117.26 x 0.00336  3.75
c fa  660.08 x 0.00336  2.22

CD 18.08
K2    0.00362
D 5,000.13
cab  495.85 x 0.00362  1.79
cbc  850.62 x 0.00362  3.08
ccd  855.45 x 0.00362  3.09
cde  1,020.87 x 0.00362  3.69
cef  1,117.26 x 0.00362  4.04
c fa  660.08 x 0.00362  2.39

TRANSIT RULE
b.2 Correction for Latitude and Departure
Lat C L  Dep C D 
cl  cd 
 NL   SL  ED   WD
CL CD
Let K1  K2 
 NL   SL  ED   WD
cl  Lat ( K1 ) cd  Dep ( K 2 )

CL
K1 
 NL   SL
16.81

 1, 461.29  ( 1, 444.48)
 0.00579
cab  493.57 x 0.00579  2.86
cbc  590.53 x 0.00579  3.42
ccd  325.53 x 0.00579  1.88
cde  996.99 x 0.00579  5.77
cef  121.96 x 0.00579  0.70
c fa  377.19 x 0.00579  2.18

CD
K2 
 ED   WD
18.08

 1,670.36  ( 1,652.28)
 0.00544
cab  47.53 x 0.00544  0.26
cbc  612.23 x 0.00544  3.33
ccd  791.09 x 0.00544  4.31
cde  219.51 x 0.00544  1.19
cef  1,110.58 x 0.00544  6.04
c fa  541.70 x 0.00544  2.95

c. Adjusting the latitude and departure
( Adj Lat = Computed Lat ± correction )
Note: The sum of north latitudes exceeds the sum of south latitudes,
latitude corrections are subtracted from the corresponding
north latitudes and added to corresponding south latitudes to
determine the adjusted latitudes.
Adj Lat ab   ( 493.57  1.67)  491.90 m.
Adj Latbc   (590.53  2.86)  587.67
Adj Lat cd   (325.53  2.88)  328.41
Adj Lat de   (996.99  3.43)  1,000.42
Adj Lat ef   (121.96  3.75)  125.71
Adj Lat fa   (377.19  2.22)  374.97
Note: The sum of east departure exceeds the sum of west departures,
departure corrections are subtracted from the corresponding
east departures and added to corresponding west departures to
determine the adjusted departures.
Adj Dep ab   ( 47.53  1.79)  45.74 m.

Adj Depbc   (612.23  3.08)  609.15
Adj Dep cd   (791.09  3.09)  788.00
Adj Dep de   ( 219.51  3.69)  215.82
Adj Dep ef   (1,110.58  4.04)  1,114.62
Adj Dep fa   (541.70  2.39)  544.09

d. Adjusted
d.
Distance and Bearing
A djuste d Dista nc e a n d B e arin g
Dep '
L'  ( Lat ' ) 2  ( Dep ' ) 2 and tan  
Lat '
L'ab  ( 491.90) 2  ( 45.74) 2  494.02 m.

L'bc  ( 587.67) 2  ( 609.15) 2  846.42 m.
L'cd  ( 328.41) 2  ( 788.00) 2  853.70 m.
L'de  ( 1,000.42) 2  ( 215.82) 2  1,023.43 m.
L'ef  ( 125.71) 2  ( 1,114.62) 2  1,121.69 m.
L' fa  ( 374.97) 2  ( 544.09) 2  660.78 m.

 45.74
 ab  tan 1  N . 5 o19' E .
 491.90
 609.15
 bc  tan 1  N . 46 o 02' E .
 587.67
 788.00
 cd  tan 1  S . 67 o 23' E .
 328.41
 215.82
 de  tan 1  S .12 o10' E .
 1,000.42
 1,114.62
 ef  tan 1  S . 83o 34'W .
 125.71
 544.09
  tan 1  N . 55 o 26'W .
 374.97
fa

e. Area using DMD or DPD Method
LINE CORR DMD CORR DOUBLE AREA
LAT DEP
AB +491.90 +45.74 +45.74 +22,499.51
BC +587.67 +700.63 +609.15 +411,739.23
CD -328.41 +2,097.78 +788.00 -688,931.93
DE -1,000.42 +3,101.60 +215.82 -3,102,902.67
EF -125.71 +2,202.80 -1,114.62 -276,913.99
FA +374.97 +544.09 -544.09 +204,017.43
2A=-3,430,492.42
A=1,715,246.21 m2
A=171.52 has.

LINE CORR DPD CORR DOUBLE AREA
LAT DEP
AB +491.90 +491.90 +45.74 +22,499.51
BC +587.67 +1,571.47 +609.15 +957,260.95
CD -328.41 +1,830.73 +788.00 +1,442,615.24
DE -1,000.42 +501.90 +215.82 +108,320.06
EF -125.71 -624.23 -1,114.62 +695,779.24
FA +374.97 -374.97 -544.09 +204,017.43
2A=3,430,492.43
A=1,715,246.22 m2
A=171.52 has.

f. Linear Error of Closure
LEC  (C L )  (C D )
2 2
LEC  ( 16.81) 2  ( 18.08) 2

LEC  24.69 m.
g. Relative Precision
LEC 24.69 1 1
RP    say
D 5,000.13 202.52 200

Laboratory Exercise No. 1
Azimuth Traverse
1. Title of the Field Work
2. Time of Day and Date
3. Weather Conditions
4. List of Equipments
5. Objectives
6. Procedure

Laboratory Exercise No. 1
Azimuth Traverse
7. Sketch
8. Tabulation
9. Computation
10. Laboratory Report (Introduction, Results, Conclusion)
11. Name of Leader, Recorder, and Group Members
Surveying Lab Manual, Page 135


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REVIEW

LORIE CRIS SANCHEZ – ASUBE, MSLAM LECTURE

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

Should Surveys be considered

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

 Points on the ground or on a map are related to each

 A horizontal angle is formed by the directions to two

 A vertical angle is formed by two intersecting lines in a

 A zenith angle is the complementary angle to the vertical

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

 Astronomical meridians are determined by observing the

 For a given point on the earth, its direction is always the

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

Rule 1 : If the forward azimuth of the line is greater

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

LINE FORWARD BACK FORWARD BACK

AB 230° 00” 50° 00” 50° 00” 230° 00”

BC 314° 00” 134° 00” 134° 00” 314° 00”

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

 A traverse consists of a series of lines, whose lengths

 The route of the traverse line can be adjusted for

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

 A closed traverse begins and ends at the same point

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

(1) Origin. All traverses will originate from and tie

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1

GE 101.1 GENERAL SURVEYING II (LAB) LECTURE NO. 1