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• The term Geomatics is an acronym formed by
“Geo” that means the Earth, while the term “matics”
refers to the information.

• It defined as the science, art, and technology of

determining the relative positions of points above,
on, or beneath the earth’s surface, or establishing
such points. (Ghilani and Wolf,2008)

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• Geomatics engineering is a modern discipline,
which integrates acquisition, modelling, analysis,
and management of spatially referenced data, i.e.
data identified according to their locations.

• It uses terrestrial, marine, airborne, and satellite-

based sensors to acquire spatial and other data. It
normally transforms the spatially referenced data
from different sources into common information
systems.

• Geomatics is a new term that formerly known as

surveying
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OBJECTIVE OF SURVEYING:
The objective of this course is to introduce civil
engineering students with the basic knowledge of
land measurement and surveying techniques. The
overall course is designed to make the students able
to learn and understand the theory and field
procedure by applying suitable surveying methods to
produce map.

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OBJECTIVE OF SURVEYING:
• The aim of surveying is to prepare a map to show
the relative positions of the objects on the surface
of the earth.
• To collect field data.
• To prepare plan or map of the area surveyed.
• To analyze and calculate the field parameters for
setting out operation of actual engineering works .
• To set out the field parameters at the site for
further engineering works.

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GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF SURVEYING:
• The general principles of surveying are:

• To work from the whole to the part

• To locate a new station by at least two
measurements (linear or angular) from fixed
reference points.
• The purpose of working from whole to part is “to
localise the errors and to control the accumulation
of errors”.

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• The basic principle of surveying is to be able to
work out the position of a point from some other
point or points, positioning from the known features
to the unknown ones.

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Example of work from the whole to the
part

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Preliminary survey
• Data gathering
• Geospatial data – distances, position and angles
• Locate physical position- water boundaries, trees, roads, structure,
property marker
• Determination of difference in elevation (vertical distance)

Layout survey
• Marking on the ground – wood stakes, iron bars, concrete
monuments, nails, spikes, etc…
• Property lines, engineering works (roads, pipelines, bridges) and
construction surveying

Control survey
• Use as reference both preliminary and layout survey.
• Horizontal and Vertical control (benchmarks)
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Topographic surveys
• Preliminary survey-natural & manmade
surface features of an area.

Hydrographic surveys
• Preliminary survey-underwater features
to surface control points (shorelines,
marine features, water depth)

Route surveys
• Preliminary, layout and control survey
for narrow-long strip of land (highway,
railroads, electric transmission lines,
channel)

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Property surveys
• Preliminary, layout and control survey
involve in determine boundary
location/laying out new property boundary

Construction surveys
Layout survey for engineering works

Final (as-built) surveys

• Similar to preliminary survey
• Provide final record of constructed features
has proceed according to design plan

Aerial surveys
• Preliminary and final survey using aerial
photography and imagery. Use of digital
camera, lidar, radar
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Commonly used in field surveying are:
• Total Station
• Level & Rod
• Theodolite
• Steel Tape

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Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Navigation and identify the coordinate of certain
location.

Remote Sensing Technique

• Using satellite image

Geographical Information System (GIS)

• Computer technology used GIS for data analysis,
storage and updating the database.

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PAT153 GEOMATIC

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Geographic reference
• Earth reference system – denoted by geographic lines of latitude and longitude
• Latitude - run east/west (parallel to equator)
• Longitude – run north/south converging at the pole
• Use in navigation and geodesy

Grid reference
• Grid system for a states/province
• Ease of calculation (plane geometry) and availability datum for large area
(thousand miles)

Legal reference
• Township subdivide by section and ranges (lot) that unique numbered

Vertical reference
• Can be reference to any datum. Datum most used are Mean Sea Level (MSL).
• MSL is assigned an elevation of 0 ft or 0 meter.

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 The work of the surveyor
consists of 5 phases:
1. Decision Making – selecting method, equipment and final
point locations.
2. Fieldwork & Data Collection – making measurements and
recording data in the field.
3. Computing & Data Processing – preparing calculations
based upon the recorded data to determine locations in a
useable form.
4. Mapping or Data Representation – plotting data to
produce a map, plot, or chart in the proper form.
5. Stakeout – locating and establishing monuments or
stakes in the proper locations in the field.

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Object of Surveying
► The primary object of survey is the preparation of
plan of estate or buildings roads, railways,
pipelines, canals, etc. Or to measure area of field,
state, nation.

► Object of geodetic surveying is to determine

precise positions on the surface of the earth of
widely distant points.

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 Uses of Surveying
► To prepare a topographical map this shows the
hills, valley, rivers, villages, town, etc, of a country.

► To prepare a cadastral map showing the

boundaries of fields houses, and other properties.

► To prepare an engineering map to show details

like roads, railways, canals, etc.

►.

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 Uses of Surveying
► To prepare military map showing roads and railways,
communication with different parts of country.

► To prepare contour map and to determine capacity of a

reservoirs and ton find the best possible route for roads,
railways etc.

► To prepare archeological map including places where

ancient relics exist.

► To prepare a geological map showing areas including

underground resources

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 Types of
Surveying
Classification

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A. Primary Classification or Primary
Division :

1. Plane surveying
2. Geodetic surveying

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 1. Plane Surveying
 The shape of the earth is spherical. Thus the surface is
obviously curved. But in plane surveying the curvature of
earth is not taken into account. This is because plane
surveying is carried out over a small area, so the surface of
the earth is considered as a plane. The degree of accuracy
required in this type of surveying is completely low. Plane
surveying is done on an area of less than 250 sq.km.

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2. Geodetic surveying
 In geodetic surveying the curvature of the earth is
taken into consideration. It is extended over a
large area greater than 250 sq.km. The line joining
any two points considered as a curved line. Very
refined methods and instruments are used in this
type of surveying. In this method very high
precision or accuracy is required.

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Plane surveying
• The curvature of earth is not taken into consideration. Thus it
is treats as a flat plane.
• The instrument is always leveled according to the center of
the earth (gravity level/plumb bob).
• Only appropriate for smaller areas.
(less than 250 km2)

Geodetic surveying
• The curvature of the earth is taken into consideration.
• Used for the area exceeding the 250 km2
• Used mostly for national mapping programs/national
boundaries.
• Very precise surveys of great magnitude.
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 B. Secondary Classification
► Survey can be classified on different bases:

1. Based on instrument:
► Chain Survey
► Compass survey
► Plane Table survey
► Theodolite survey
► Tacheometric Survey
► Photographic survey

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2. Based on methods:

►Triangulation Survey

►Traverse Survey

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3. Based on Objects:

► Geological survey

► Mine survey

► Archeological Survey

► Military survey

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4. Based on nature of field

► Land Survey

► Marine survey

► Astronomical survey

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 Other Types of Surveys:
1. Photogrammetry – mapping utilizing data obtained by
camera or other sensors carried in airplanes or
satellites.
2. Boundary Surveying – establishing property corners,
boundaries, and areas of land parcels.
3. Control Surveying – establish a network of horizontal
and vertical monuments that serve as a reference
framework for other survey projects.
4. Engineering Surveying – providing points and
elevations for the building Civil Engineering projects.

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 Other Types of Surveys:
5. Topographic Surveying – collecting data and
preparing maps showing the locations of natural
man-made features and elevations of points of the
ground for multiple uses.
6. Route Surveys – topographic and other surveys for
long – narrow projects associated with Civil
Engineering projects.
– Highways, railroads, pipelines, and transmission lines.
7. Hydrographic Surveying – mapping of shorelines
and the bottom of bodies of water.
– Also known as bathymetric surveying.

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 Brief History of Surveying:
1. Surveying had it’s beginning in Egypt about 1400 BC
– Land along the Nile River was divided for taxation. Divisions
were washed away by annual floods.
– “ROPE-STRETCHERS” Egyptian surveyors were created to
relocate the land divisions (measurements were made with
ropes having knots at unit distances).
– Extensive use of surveying in building of Egyptian
monuments
2. Greeks: expanded Egyptian work and developed
Geometry.
– Developed one of the earliest surveying instruments –
Diopter (a form of level).

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 Brief History of Surveying:
3. Romans: developed surveying into a science to create
the Roman roads, aqueducts, and land division
systems.
– Surveyors held great power, had schools and a professional
organization
– Developed several instruments:
• Groma – cross instrument used to determine lines and right angles
• Libella – “A” frame with a plumb bob used for leveling
• Chorobates – 20’ straight edge with oil in notch for leveling
4. Middle Ages: Land division of Romans continued in
Europe.
– Quadrans – square brass frame capable of turning angles up
to 90° and has a graduated scale developed by an Italian
named Von Piso.
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 Brief History of Surveying:
5. 18th & 19th Century in the New World: the need for
mapping and marking land claims caused extensive
surveying, especially by the English.
– 1785: United Stated began extensive surveys of public lands
into one mile square sections
• 30 states surveyed under the U.S. Public Land System (also
called the Rectangular System)
– 1807: United States Geological Survey founded to establish
an accurate control network and mapping
– Famous American Surveyors: George Washington, Thomas
Jefferson, George Rogers Clark, Abe Lincoln and many more.

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 Brief History of Surveying:
6. 20th Century and Beyond: As technology advanced,
population increased, and land value caused
development of licensure for surveyors in all states.
– Educational requirements for licensure began in the early
1990’s
– Capable of electronic distance measurement, positioning
using global positioning systems, construction machine
control, and lidar (scanning) mapping
– Involvement in rebuilding of the infrastructure and
geographic information systems (GIS)
– Shortage of licensed professionals is projected well into the
21st century

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THANK YOU

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