GPS Presentation PDF
GPS Presentation PDF
GPS Presentation PDF
DESCRIPTION
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is the generic
term for satellite navigation systems which use artificial
satellite constellations to provide autonomous geo-spatial
positioning with global coverage. GNSS includes the
United States of America’s Global Positioning System
(GPS), USSR/Russia’s Globalnaya Navigazinnaya
Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS), European Union’s
Galileo, China’s BeiDou and other regional systems like
Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System
(IRNSS/NAVIC).
All GNSS work on the same principle; electronic receivers
determine their location (Lat. & Long.) to within a few
meters using time signals transmitted along the line of
sight by radio (GHz range) from satellites. The receivers
use these signals to calculate their position (globally),
their speed and provide navigation information (headings, courses, distances to waypoints). The
receivers can also calculate the current local time to the high precision which allows synchronisation.
GNSS operates independently of any local radio, telephone or internet reception, though these systems
can enhance the usefulness of the positioning information generated.
The original motivation for satellite navigation was the military application of precise positioning of
vehicles and troops and delivery of weapons to targets.
OPERATION
Structure: GPS is structured into three segments: Space, Control, and User.
Space Segment is composed of 24-32 satellites or space
vehicles in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO). There are six
distinct orbital planes spaced around the globe at 60°,
each orbit contains four space vehicles. Within the plane
the space vehicles are spaced out by the following interval
30°, 105°, 120°, and 105°. The orbits are approximately
20,200km altitude giving the vehicles a orbital period of
11h58m2s, or one half of a sidereal day. This arrangement
ensures there are at least 6 or as many as 11 satellites
visible at all times from anywhere on the surface of the
Earth. Typically there are nine satellites visible at any point
at any given time which allows for redundancy since the
system requires signals from 4 satellites for an accurate fix.
Control Segment: The US Air Force monitors space vehicles from four stations located in Hawaii,
Ascension Island, Colorado Springs, and Cape Canaveral along with other monitoring stations in
England, Argentina, Ecuador, Bahrain, Australia and Washington DC. The monitored information is sent
to a Master Control Station MCS in Colorado Springs. The MCS regularly updates the satellites
navigational information by synchronising the atomic clocks, updated ephemeris data and adjusting
flight paths of the satellites. The MCS will also change the health of the satellites in the event of updates,
system failures or adjustment of orbits. Control segments have a Master atomic clock which they use to
compare and adjust the atomic clocks to a few nanoseconds (billionth of a second) on the space
vehicles. When adjusting orbits the MCS may set the space vehicle status to unhealthy so that receivers
do not use those satellites. Once the satellites are in their new orbit the MCS will track the new orbit and
update the space vehicles ephemeris data and return its status to healthy.
User Segment: It is composed of
an antenna tuned to the satellite
frequencies, a receiver-processor
and a highly stable clock (crystal
oscillator). There will also be a
screen to display user information
and an input device for selecting
modes of operation and output
ports for feeding processed
position and time data to other
navigation equipment (RADAR/
ARPA, AIS, ECDIS, EPIRB, etc.).
Commercial devices:smartphones,
portable GPS handhelds/watches/
trackers, EPIRBS, etc.)
Restrictions: devices operating at
greater than 18km / 60,000ft and
travelling at greater than 515m/s
(1000knots) are categorized as
munitions and are restricted for
export from the USA.
Fundamentals
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QK1lDsinMwk&list=PLX2gX-ftPVXXGdn_8m2HCIJS7CfKMCwol&index=6
Positioning is done by comparing the
time a signal was sent to the time it is
received from four different satellites. If
we know the time difference we can
calculate the distance because the
speed of the signal is a known constant
(speed of light) d=c/t. By knowing the
distance the receiver is from three
satellites we can triangulate our
position to two possible locations. Often
enough one of the two positions can be
eliminated as being not on or near the
surface of the Earth. The fourth satellite
time signal is used to reduce the error
of not knowing the exact position of the
satellites by doing several position
fixing by alternating which satellites are
used for position fixing.
Signals
Coarse Acquisition (C/A) Code transmitted on the L1 band and is of most interest for civilian use. Each
satellite has a unique C/A code which identifies which satellite transmitted it. Navigation data is
encoded in this C/A code. The P or P(Y)) code is an encrypted precise code only available to US military
and NATO nations with decoders which significantly increases the accuracy of the position information.
The navigation data is encoded into the C/A code. The Navigation Message is 37,500 bits long and is
transmitted at a rate of 50 bits per second, each full message takes 750 seconds (12.5 minutes) to
transmit. The message is broken down into 25 frames of 1500 bits (one frame every 30s), and each
frame is broken down into 5 sub-frames of 300 bits (one sub-frame every 6s). C/A code repeats every
1ms.
P(Y) Code repeats every 1 week.
Sub-frame 1 contains the satellite clock and GPS time relationship. The first sub-frame encodes the
week number and the time within the week as well as satellite health information.
Sub-frames 2-3 contain Ephemeris data for the satellite (precise satellite orbit) i.e. where it is and
predicted to be.
Sub-frames 4-5 contain Almanac information (satellite network synopsis & error correction)
Application
Insert or cover the basic operation of the GPS unit in the simulator.
ACCURACY
Nominal accuracy of GPS fix is 15 meters. And with DGPS, it can be augmented up to 10 cm in case of
best implementations (DGPS accuracy degrades with distance from the ground reference stations; it
will normally be less than 1 m and in the worst-case scenario will be < 10 m).
GPS satellites broadcast their signals in space with a certain accuracy, but the position fix that
end-users receive depends on additional factors and errors, including satellite geometry, signal arrival
time measurements, atmospheric effects (ionospheric/tropospheric delays), ephemeris and clock data,
multipath signals, natural and artificial interference, and receiver design features/quality.
High-end users boost GPS accuracy with dual-frequency receivers and/or augmentation systems. These
can enable real-time positioning within a few centimeters, and long-term measurements at the
millimeter level.
Therefore to know the accuracy, it is essential to know the errors of the GPS and different augmentation
systems, which affects the accuracy of GPS.
Although the Global Positioning System makes corrections for errors such as receiver clock errors and
other effects, but there are still residual errors which remain uncorrected.
Error sources include signal arrival time measurements, numerical calculations, atmospheric effects
(ionospheric/tropospheric delays), ephemeris and clock data, multipath signals, and natural and
artificial interference.
The magnitude of these residual errors from these sources depends on the geometric dilution of
precision.
Artificial errors may result from a) jamming devices and threaten ships and aircraft or b) from
intentional signal degradation through selective availability, although has been switched off since May 1,
2000.
Sources of Error
Signal Arrival Time (3 mtrs) : Signal detecting can take up to 10 ns at the speed of light, this error can
give the equivalent of +/- 3m.
Atmospheric Effects (5.5 mtrs): Earth’s atmosphere, the ionosphere in particular, affect the signal by
delaying it slightly. This delay is different depending on the frequency used and the altitude of the
space vehicles. The signals from space vehicles which appear near the horizon will have to pass through
more atmosphere (air mass) and therefore have a greater delay. Meteorological models are known for
these ionospheric effects and can be corrected for to a certain extent. Atmospheric pressure and
humidity can also affect the signal but this is more of a local variation and difficult to correct for. The
range of this error is +/- 5.5m.
Multipath Error (1 mtr): This is caused by GPS signals bouncing off land and structures before being
picked up by the receiver antenna. This indirect path adds to the time the signal would usually have
taken directly. The range of this error is +/- 1m.
Ephemeris Error (2.5 mtrs): Ephemeris data is transmitted every 30s and can be up to 2 hours old
when transmitted from the space vehicles themselves. Updates to the ephemeris data can be provided
via the internet and updated more regularly (not useful at sea). The range of this error is +/- 2.5m.
Satellite Clock Error (2 mtrs): Satellite atomic clocks experience noise and clock drift error. The
navigation message from GPS satellite does contain corrections for these errors and estimate the
accuracy of the atomic clock. However, they are based on observations and may not indicate the clock’s
current and actual state. The range of this error is +/- 2m.
Dilution of Precision: DOP is a factor to the
known errors of the GPS signal. This factor is due
to the geometric arrangement of the satellites
used for the position fix. If the satellites are close
together (imagine taking visual bearings to
landmarks grouped closely together) the DOP
will be greater and will reduce the accuracy of
the fix. If the space vehicles are well spaced
apart (taking visual fixes to landmarks 60-90
degrees apart) the DOP will be much less and have a smaller effect on error of the fix.
1-2 Excellent At this confidence level, positional measurements are considered accurate enough to meet all but the most
sensitive applications.
2-5 Good Represents a level that marks the minimum appropriate for making accurate decisions. Positional measurements
could be used to make reliable in-route navigation suggestions to the user.
5-10 Moderate Positional measurements could be used for calculations, but the fix quality could still be improved. A more open
view of the sky is recommended.
10-20 Fair Represents a low confidence level. Positional measurements should be discarded or used only to indicate a very
rough estimate of current location.
>20 Poor At this level, measurements are inaccurate by as much as 300 meters with a 6-meter accurate device (50 DOP × 6
meters) and should be discarded.
Selective Availability: GPS included a (currently disabled) feature called Selective Availability (SA) that
adds intentional, time-varying errors of up to 100 meters (328 ft) to the publicly available navigation
signals. This was intended to deny an enemy the use of civilian GPS receivers for precision weapon
guidance.
Other Errors: include ‘bad placement of antennas’, ‘in the shadow of the superstructure, blind spots
and different headings affecting reception quality’.
Accuracy enhancement
Enhancement methods of improving accuracy rely on external information being integrated into the
calculation process.
There are many such systems in place and they are generally named or described based on how the
GPS sensor receives the information. Some systems transmit additional information about sources of
error (such as clock drift, ephemeris, or ionospheric delay), others provide direct measurements of how
much the signal was off in the past, while a third group provide additional navigational or vehicle
information to be integrated into the calculation process.
Examples of GPS augmentation systems include the GBAS (such as Differential GPS), SBAS (such as
Wide Area Augmentation System), Inertial Navigation Systems and Assisted GPS.
(Augmentation is a method of improving the system’s reliability, accuracy and availability through the
use of external information into the calculation process.)
DGPS: Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is a publicly available Ground-Based
Augmentation System providing enhancements to the Global Positioning System (GPS) location
accuracy, in the range of operations of each DGPS reference station, from 10 m to about 10 cm in case of
the best implementations.
Each DGPS uses a network of fixed
ground-based reference stations to
broadcast the difference between
the positions indicated by the GPS
satellite system and known fixed
positions. These stations broadcast
the difference between the
measured satellite pseudoranges
and actual (internally computed)
pseudoranges, and receiver stations
may correct their pseudoranges by
the same amount. The digital
correction signal is typically
broadcast locally over ground-based
transmitters of shorter range.
The United States Coast Guard (USCG) and the Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) each run DGPS systems in
the United States and Canada on longwave radio frequencies between 285 kHz and 325 kHz near major
waterways and harbours. The Canadian DGPS system is primarily for maritime usage covering the
Atlantic and Pacific coast as well as the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence Seaway.
There are many operational DGPS systems (each consisting of many ground reference stations)
throughout the world. According to the US Coast Guard, 47 countries operate DGPS systems currently.
A DGPS reference station calculates and transmits differential corrections for its own location and time.
Users may be up to 200 nautical miles (370 km) from the station. The accuracy of DGPS decreases with
distance from the reference station. The problem can be aggravated if the user and the station lack
"intervisibility" - when they are unable to see the same satellites.
The United States Federal Radionavigation Plan and the IALA estimated error growth of 0.67 m per 100
km from the broadcast site.
(A similar system which transmits differential corrections of the ground reference stations via the
different satellites instead of ground-based stations is called a Wide-Area DGPS (WADGPS) or Satellite
Based Augmentation System, it is usually paid system.)
Limitations
❏ US Govt. Controlled: GPS is owned and controlled by the United States government. Therefore, users
are dependent on them for the integrity of GPS derived position. They have used the SA function in
the past to reduce the accuracy of the position for their advantage.
❏ Errors: Above mentioned errors are also limitations of the GPS.
❏ Line of Sight: GPS only works when there is a LoS between ‘GPS Satellites’ and ‘Receiver Antenna’.
❏ Datum Difference: GPS datum is WGS84, and some nautical charts are based on different datum,
therefore directly plotting the GPS position on those charts will give the wrong fix.
❏ High Latitude Limitations: Due to high ionospheric disturbances, the sparse infrastructure of DGPS
ground reference stations and poor visibility of Geostationary Satellites in high latitudes, GPS location
accuracy is significantly reduced.
❏ Space Weather: All man-made satellite systems are subject to space weather and space debris
threats. For example, a solar super-storm event composed of an extremely large and fast earthbound
Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) could disable or distort the GPS satellite elements.
❏ GPS Jamming: Man-made EMI (electromagnetic interference) can disrupt or jam GPS signals. In one
well-documented case it was impossible to receive GPS signals in the entire harbour of Moss
Landing, California due to unintentional jamming caused by malfunctioning TV antenna
preamplifiers. Intentional jamming is also possible. Generally, stronger signals can interfere with GPS
receivers when they are within radio range or line of sight.
Due to the potential for both natural and man-made noise, numerous techniques continue to be
developed to deal with interference. The first is to not rely on GPS as a sole source.