Natural Calamitie's Project

The
Presentation
On
Natural
Calamities
Tsun
ami
Natural
Calami
ties
Volcan Torna
oes does
Formation OF Tsunami Waves
Tsunami is caused due to the
following reasons.
Impact of a large
meteorite
A powerful Volcanic
Eruption.
Earthquake
underwater
An Underwater
Landslide
Ts u n a m i
The tsunami is a series of ocean waves of very great
length and period generated by impulsive disturbances
of the earth's crust.
Large earthquakes with epicentres under or near the

ocean and with a net vertical displacement of the ocean
floor are the cause of the most catastrophic tsunami.
 Volcanic eruptions and submarine landslides are also

responsible for tsunami generation but their effects are
usually localized. Although infrequent, tsunami are
among the most terrifying and complex physical
phenomena and have been responsible for great loss of
life and extensive destruction to property.
Because of their destructiveness, tsunami have

important impact on the human, social and economic
sectors of our societies.
Historical records of destructive Tsunami
The impact of tsunami on human society can be traced
back in written history to 1480 B.C., in the eastern
Mediterranean, when the Minoan civilization was wiped
out by such waves. (photo of ancient city of Knossos, the
capital of the Minoan civilization).
Japanese records documenting such catastrophes

extend back to A.D. 684.(1) North and South American
records have dated such events back to 1788 for Alaska
and 1562 for Chile. Records of Hawaiian tsunami go back
to 1821.
While most of the destructive tsunami have occurred in the

Pacific Ocean, devastating tsunami have also occurred in the
Atlantic and Indian Oceans, as well as the Mediterranean
Sea. A large tsunami accompanied the earthquakes of Lisbon
in 1755, that of the Mona Passage off Puerto Rico in 1918,
and at the Grand Banks of Canada in 1929.
Conclusions & Recommendations
 In spite of our technological improvements of the last two decades,
 In spite of our technological improvements of the last two decades,
we are still unable to provide timely warnings to many areas of the
we are still unable to provide timely warnings to many areas of the
Pacific and none to other parts of the world.
Pacific and none to other parts of the world.
 Research is needed also in the real-time interpretation of seismic
 Research is needed also in the real-time interpretation of seismic
source parameters, which in turn may help in tsunami evaluation.
source parameters, which in turn may help in tsunami evaluation.
 In conclusion, the long-term objective should be for each country
 In conclusion, the long-term objective should be for each country
susceptible to the tsunami hazard to build its technical and scientific
susceptible to the tsunami hazard to build its technical and scientific
infra structures to meet the hazards of a disastrous event.
infra structures to meet the hazards of a disastrous event.
 The immediate objectives of each country should be to assess this
 The immediate objectives of each country should be to assess this
hazard in terms of potential needs and available resources.
hazard in terms of potential needs and available resources.
Volcanoes
 Inside the earth's core there is a red-
hot liquid rock, called magma.
 Volcanoes happen when magma rises

to the surface of the earth, which
causes bubbles of gas to appear in it.
 This gas can cause pressure to build

up in the mountain, and it eventually
explodes. When the magma bursts out
of the earth, it is called lava.
Effects Of Volcanic Eruption
Volcanic Eruption Causes :
 Change in weather.
 Rain, thunder and lightning.
 Long-term effects on the climate,
making the world cooler.
 Fast-moving lava can kill people and
falling ash can make it hard for them
to breathe.
 People can also die from famine, fires
and earthquakes which can be related
to volcanoes.
 They can lose their possessions as
volcanoes can destroy houses, roads
and fields.
Some Facts About Volcanoes
 One in 10 people in the world live within 'danger
range' of an active volcano.
 There are around 1510 'active' volcanoes in the

world.
 Volcanologists disagree on what comes under the

term 'active', but 1510 volcanoes have erupted in
the last 10,000 years, which means they are active
in the world of volcanoes. There are thought to be
many more volcanoes on the sea bed.
 The biggest volcano in the world is Mauna Loa in

Hawaii. Its whole volume is about 80,000 cubic
kilometres.
 Sometimes lightning is seen in volcanic clouds. It is

Tornadoes
 Although tornadoes occur in many parts of the world,
these destructive forces of nature are found most
frequently in the United States east of the Rocky
Mountains during the spring and summer months.
 In an average year, 800 tornadoes are reported
nationwide, resulting in 80 deaths and over 1,500
injuries.
 A tornado is defined as a violently rotating column of
air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground.
 The most violent tornadoes are capable of tremendous
destruction with wind speeds of 250 mph or more.
 Damage paths can be in excess of one mile wide and
50 miles long.
 Once a tornado in Broken Bow, Oklahoma, carried a
motel sign 30 miles and dropped it in Arkansas!
Formation OF Tornadoes
Before thunderstorms develop, a change in wind
direction and an increase in wind speed with increasing
height create an invisible, horizontal spinning effect in
the lower atmosphere.
Rising air within the thunderstorm updraft tilts the

rotating air from horizontal to vertical.
An area of rotation, 2-6 miles wide, now extends through

much of the storm. Most strong and violent tornadoes
form within this area of strong rotation.
Formation Of Tornadoes
Rising air within the thunderstorm updraft

tilts the rotating air from horizontal to
vertical.
An area of rotation, 2-6 miles wide, now

extends through much of the storm. Most
strong and violent tornadoes form within
this area of strong rotation.
Types Of Tornadoes
Weak Tornadoes
• 69% of all tornadoes • Less than 5% of tornado deaths
• Lifetime 1-10+ minutes • Winds less than 110 mph
Strong Tornadoes
•29% of all tornadoes • Nearly 30% of all tornado deaths
• May last 20 minutes or longer • Winds 110-205 mph
Violent Tornadoes
• Only 2% of all tornadoes • 70% of all tornado deaths
• Lifetime can exceed 1 hour
Safety Measures
What YOU Can Do Before the Storm:
 Develop a plan for you and your family for home, work,
school and when outdoors.
 Have frequent drills.
 Know the county/parish in which you live, and keep a
highway map nearby to follow storm movement from
weather bulletins.
 Have a NOAA Weather Radio with a warning alarm tone
and battery back-up to receive warnings.
 Listen to radio and television for information.
 If planning a trip outdoors, listen to the latest forecasts and
take necessary action if threatening weather is possible.
THE
END

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The

Large earthquakes with epicentres under or near the

 Volcanic eruptions and submarine landslides are also

Because of their destructiveness, tsunami have

Japanese records documenting such catastrophes

While most of the destructive tsunami have occurred in the

 Volcanoes happen when magma rises

 This gas can cause pressure to build

 There are around 1510 'active' volcanoes in the

 Volcanologists disagree on what comes under the

 The biggest volcano in the world is Mauna Loa in

 Sometimes lightning is seen in volcanic clouds. It is

Rising air within the thunderstorm updraft tilts the

An area of rotation, 2-6 miles wide, now extends through

Rising air within the thunderstorm updraft

An area of rotation, 2-6 miles wide, now

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