EAP 216

DR. NASTAEIN
QAMARUZ ZAMAN
Date Topics

27/03/2017; BK1 10 am 12 Solid waste management

pm
29/03/2017; BK1 12 pm 1 pm Solid waste management
10/04/2017; BK1 10 am 12 Water and wastewater treatment
pm
12/04/2017, BK1 11 am -12 pm Water and wastewater treatment
29/3/2017, 9 am 10 am, BK1
Week 10, 17/4 21/4 Test 2 (1 hour)
Solid Waste Management, 19/4/2017
Water and Wastewater, Noise 3.30 4.30 pm, DPB
Pollution
Water supply and sanitation systems are
primary infrastructural needs of communities
world-wide, playing a key role in the promotion
of public health and the elimination of disease
WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT
Introduction on the characteristic of water and
wastewater?
Sources of water and use
Water characteristics - Turbidity, Total suspended solids,
Pathogens, Chemical constituents and Trace contaminants,
Wastewater characteristics organic, inorganic, solid and
physical, toxic compounds and pathogens,
Type of treatments applied in water and wastewater
process?
Water treatment coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation,
filtration, disinfection and corrosion control
Wastewater treatment preliminary, primary and secondary
Sludge treatment
MALAYSIA
 QUIZ:

The longest river in Peninsular Malaysia, its length?

3 rivers that drain into the South China Sea?
The longest river in Malaysia, its length?
 Peninsular Malaysia is drained by a dense network of rivers
and streams, about 150 major river basins
Longest being the Pahang river, which follows a course of 434
km before reaching the South China Sea. It drains a catchment
area of 29 000 km2.
Other major rivers that drain into the South China Sea are the
Kelantan, Terengganu, Dungun, Endau and Sedili rivers.
Major river basins in the east of Malaysia tend to be larger than
those in peninsular Malaysia.
Malaysias longest river is the Rajang (563 km) in Sarawak.
 Out of an annual rainfall volume of 950 km3, 39 percent or 370
km3 are lost to evapotranspiration. The total annual surface
runoff is 566 km3 and about 64 km contribute to groundwater
recharge. However, about 78 percent of the groundwater flow,
or 50 km3, returns to the rivers and is therefore not considered
an additional resource (overlap). The total internal water
resources of Malaysia are thus an estimated 580 km3/year.
In 1999, Malaysia had a total of 56 dams, of which 32 were more
than 15 m high. In 2009, total dam capacity is an estimated
23.72 km3
 In 2009, the Department of Irrigation and Drainage, at the
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, managed 16
dams having a total capacity of 460 million m3.
Located in various states, these dams fulfill the departments
role in providing adequate irrigation water, flood mitigation
and silt retention.
Beris dam (2004) has the largest capacity with 122 million m3,
followed by Bukit Merah dam (1906) with 75 million m3, Pontian
dam (1985) and Timah Tasoh dam (1992) each with a capacity
of 40 million m3, Anak Endau dam (1985) with 38 million m3 and
Batu dam (1985) with 37 million m3. More dams are scheduled
for construction to meet the ever increasing demands and
social expectations of the public.
The Klang Gates dam, with a capacity of 25 million m3, was
completed in 1958 and is a major supplier of drinking water to
residents of the Klang valley, Kuala Lumpur.
 The responsibility for water resources planning and
development is shared by various government agencies.
Malaysia has no single water resources authority, which might
provide an overall coordinated approach to planning and
integrated river management.
In the water supply sector, the Public Works Department
(PWD), under the Ministry of Public Works, is responsible for
the planning, implementation and operation of urban water
supply projects. However, in line with the Governments
privatization policy, many water supply projects have been
taken over by water supply companies or privatized.
 The Ministry of Health (MOH) provides untreated but drinkable
water to rural communities not served by the local water
authorities. The MOH also monitors water quality at water
treatment plant intakes as well as the quality of water within the
distribution system for compliance with national drinking
water standards
The control of water pollution is the responsibility of the
Department of Environment (DOE), which is empowered to
enforce compliance with effluent standards for point sources of
pollution. The Ministry of Housing and Local Government is
responsible for compliance with regulations and standards on
sewerage works which have been privatized to a national
sewerage company.
 WRITE 2 INTERESTING
POINTS FOR EACH
CHARACTERISTIC

http://dspace.unimap.edu.my/dspa
ce/bitstream/123456789/19721/1/P
ages%20from%20nov-2%2021-
24.pdf
 Turbidity
Total suspended solids
Pathogens
Chemical constituents
Trace contaminants
 Sewage is a water-
carried waste,in solution or suspension, that is intended
to be removed from a community. Also known as domestic
or municipal wastewater
It consists mostly of greywater (from sinks, tubs, showers,
dishwashers, and clothes washers), blackwater (the water
used to flush toilets, combined with the human waste that
it flushes away); soaps and detergents; and toilet
paper (less so in regions where bidets are widely used
instead of paper). Whether it also contains surface
runoff depends on the design of sewer system.
sewage discharges contribute a significant amount of the
biodegradable organic matters, suspended solids and
ammoniacal nitrogen to the nations waterways.
http://www.span.gov.my/files/MSIG/MSIGVol4/04_Sec._3_Sewage_Characteristics_and_Effluent_Discharge
_Requirements.pdf
* All values except settleable
solids are expressed in mg/l.
 The Environmental Quality Act (EQA) 1974 specifies
two standards for effluent discharge: Standard A for
discharge upstream of any raw water intake, and
Standard B for discharge downstream of any raw
water intake
Purpose of Effluent Standards
to regulate the disposal of effluent from STP to any receiving
waters
protect receiving waters and their associated aquatic
ecosystems, and
will also protect public health from the harmful effects of
untreated sewage
http://www.span.gov.my/files/MSIG/MSIGVol4/04_Sec._3_Sewage_Characteristics_and_Effl
uent_Discharge_Requirements.pdf
NA = Not Applicable
All values in mg/l unless otherwise stated.
* Stagnant Water Bodies refer to enclosed water bodies such as lakes, ponds and
slow moving watercourses where dead zone occur.
Measures for organic matter
Biological BOD is a measure for the biodegradable organic matter in
Oxygen Demand a sample. It does, however, not measure all bio degradable organic matter.
(BOD) The mass of oxygen needed for this partial breakdown of the organic
matter is used as a measure of the organic matter i.e. as for COD, the unit
of BOD (gBOD m-3) is identical to the unit gO2 m-3.
Chemical Oxygen COD is a measure for the total organic matter. Organic matter is
Demand (COD) chemically oxidized into inorganic compounds through this method. The
equivalent oxygen mass needed for the oxidation is used as the measure for
the organic matter content i.e. the unit of COD (gCODm-3) is identical to
the unit gO2 m-3.
Soluble Chemical COD measured on the liquid permeating through a glass fiber filter of
Oxygen Demand about 1 m pore size i.e. the definition between soluble and particulate
(CODsol) is made by the filter pore size used.
Volatile Total VS is a measure for the total organic matter. The sample is dried and the
Solids (VS) organic matter is pyrochemically oxidized at 550oC. The matter lost by the
oxidation is assumed to be all and nothing but organic matter. The unit is
gVS m-3.
Volatile VSS measures the organic matter content of suspended solids. The sample
Suspended is dried and the organic matter contained in the suspended solids is
Solids (VSS) pyrochemically oxidized at 550oC. The matter lost by the oxidation is
assumed to be all and nothing but organic matter. The unit is gVSS m-3
Measures for Inorganic Matter
Total N Total N measures the sum of all nitrogen compounds in the sample
Total Kjeldahl N (TKN) Total Kjeldahl N measures the organic bound nitrogen and
ammonia/ammonium.
Ammonia/ammo The term ammonia is for simplicity used as a label for the sum of
nium ammonia and ammonium (NH3 + NH4+). Ammonia is a reduced
inorganic nitrogen compound with an oxidation level of thenitrogen
atom of -3.
Nitrate (NO3-) NO3- is an oxidized, inorganic nitrogen compound with an oxidation
level of the nitrogen atom of +5.
Nitrite (NO2-) NO2- Is an oxidized, inorganic nitrogen compound with an oxidation
level of the nitrogen atom of +3
Nitrate + Nitrite Often nitrate and nitrite are measured lumped into one fraction.
Total P Total P measures the sum of all phosphorus compounds.
Ortho P - Ortho P measures the inorganic, soluble phosphorus compounds, often
written as PO4
Measures for Solid & Physical Parameters
Total Solids A measure for all the matter in a sample. The sample is dried at temperatures a
(TS) bit above the boiling point of water. The residual matter is assumed to be the
total matter is sample. TS consequently also include salts.
Total A measure for the content of particles in a sample. The sample is filtered
Suspended through a glass fiber filter of about 1 m pore size. The matter retained on the
Solids (TSS) filter paper is viewed as the particle content of the sample i.e. the definition of
a suspended solid is made by the filter pore sized used.
Temperature Temperature measured in degrees Celsius or Kelvin (0 degrees Celsius =
(T) 273.15 Kelvin or 0 Kelvin = -273.15 degrees Celsius).
Alkalinity Alkalinity is a measure for the acid neutralization capacity of a sample. It
measures the amount of acid needed to lower the pH to a chosen value.
Its unit is g CaCO3 L-1 0r m-eq L-1. The first unit tells how much CaCO3
neutralization capacity is equal to. The second unit tells how many mole
of H+ as used to lower the pH to the chosen value.
pH. pH is a measure for the acidity/alkalinity of a sample. pH is the negative
logarithm to the hydrogen ion concentration.
Heavy A number of heavy metals occur in significant concentrations in
Metals stromwater and wastewater, i.e. arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), Copper
(Cu), chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg) and Zinc
(Zn).
Organic A considerable number of organic micro-pollutants can be found in
micro- urban wastewaters and runoff waters. Due to the large number of
pollutants different pollutants, a few are typically chosen as indicator
Pathogens As for micro-pollutants a huge number of pathogens exist in especially
wastewaters. Consequently, a few are chosen as indictors e.g. one for
bacteria and one for viruses
The water treatment process consists of five steps:

1. Coagulation/flocculation- Raw water from reservoirs is

drawn into mixing basins at water treatment plants where alum,
polymer and sometimes lime and carbon dioxide are added.
This process causes small particles to stick to one another,
forming larger particles.

2. Sedimentation- Over time, the now-larger particles become

heavy enough to settle to the bottom of a basin from which
sediment is removed.

3. Filtration- The water is then filtered through layers of fine,

granulated materials either sand, or sand and coal, depending
on the treatment plant. As smaller, suspended particles are
removed, turbidity diminishes and clear water emerges.
The water treatment process consists of five steps:

4. Disinfection- To protect against any bacteria, viruses and

other microbes that might remain, disinfectant is added before
the water flows into reservoirs throughout the distribution system
and into homes or businesses. The amount of disinfectant added
is monitored to maintain quality of the water.

5. Corrosion control- pH is maintained by adding alkaline

substances to reduce corrosion in the distribution system and the
plumbing in homes or businesses.
 Wastewater treatment plants, also called sewage
treatment plants remove most pollutants from wastewater
before it is released to local waterways
wastewater undergoes three major processes:
preliminary treatment, primary treatment, and secondary
treatment.
Primary and secondary treatments remove about 85% to
95% of pollutants from the wastewater before the treated
wastewater is disinfected and discharged into local
waterways.
Sludge, the byproduct of the treatment process, is
digested for stabilization and is then dewatered for easier
handling, treatment and disposal
 Preliminary treatment
The incoming wastewater, called influent, passes through
screens consisting of upright bars, spaced one to three
inches apart. These bars remove large pieces of trash
including rags, sticks, newspaper, soft drink cans, bottles,
plastic cups and other similar items. This protects the
main sewage pumps and other equipment. The garbage
is transported to landfills.
Primary treatment
Next, the wastewater enters primary settling tanks, also
called sedimentation tanks, for one to two hours. The
flow of the water is slowed, allowing heavier solids to
settle to the bottom of the tank and the lighter materials
to float. At the end of the process, the floatable trash,
such as grease and small plastic material, rises and is
skimmed from the top of the tanks surface.
 The settled solids, called primary sludge, are then
pumped through cyclone degritters to separate out sand,
grit and gravel which are removed, washed and taken to
landfills.
The degritted primary sludge is pumped to the plant's
sludge handling facilities for further processing. The
partially treated wastewater from the primary setting
tanks then flows to the secondary treatment system.
Secondary treatment
Secondary treatment is called the activated sludge
process. Air pumped into large aeration tanks mixes
the wastewater and sludge that stimulates the growth of
oxygen-using bacteria and other tiny organisms that
are naturally present in the sewage. These beneficial
microorganisms consume most of the remaining
organic materials that are polluting the water and this
produces heavier particles that will settle later in the
treatment process. Wastewater passes through these
bubbling tanks in three to six hours.
 The aerated wastewater then flows to the final settling
tanks which are similar to the primary settling tanks. Here
the heavy particles and other solids settle to the bottom
as secondary sludge. Some of this sludge is re-circulated
back to the aeration tanks as seed to stimulate the
activated sludge process. The returned sludge contains
millions of microorganisms that help maintain the right
mix of bacteria and air in the tank and contribute to the
removal of as many pollutants as possible.

The remaining secondary sludge is removed from the

settling tanks and added to the primary sludge for further
processing in the sludge handling facilities. Wastewater
passes through the settling tanks in two to three hours
and then flows to a disinfection tank.
 Thickening
The sludge produced by primary and secondary treatment is
approximately 99% water and must be concentrated to enable its
further processing. Thickening tanks allow the sludge to collect,
settle and separate from the water for up to 24 hours. The water
is then sent back to the head of the plant or to the aeration tanks
for additional treatment.
Digestion
After thickening, the sludge is further treated to make it safer for
the environment. The sludge is placed in oxygenfree tanks, called
digesters, and heated to at least 95 degrees Fahrenheit for
between 15 to 20 days. This stimulates the growth of anaerobic
bacteria, which consume organic material in the sludge.
 The digestion process stabilizes the thickened sludge by
converting much of the material into water, carbon dioxide and
methane gas. The black sludge that remains after digestion
has little odor. This is called digested sludge. Digester sludge is
pumped from sludge storage tanks to a dewatering facility.
Sludge dewatering
Dewatering reduces the liquid volume of sludge by about
90%. At these facilities, digested sludge is sent through large
centrifuges that operate like the spin cycle of a washing
machine. The force from the very fast spinning of the
centrifuges separates most of the water from the solids in the
sludge, creating a substance knows as biosolids.
The water drawn from the spinning process is then returned to
the head of the plant for reprocessing. Adding a substance
called organic polymer improves the consistency of the cake,
resulting in a firmer, more manageable product. The biosolids
cake is approximately 25 to 27percent solid material.