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    RT in Welding

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    Sapan Kansara
    Radiographic testing uses radiation to create images of the internal structure or features of an object. X-rays or gamma rays are passed through an object and their interaction is recorded on a radiation-sensitive film. Areas of differing density within the object will block more or less of the radiation, creating a shadow image on the film. This technique can be used to inspect welds and detect defects like porosity, cracks, or lack of penetration. Precise film handling and interpretation by a trained technician are required to evaluate the results. While powerful for nondestructive testing, radiography also presents radiation hazards that require safety precautions.

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    RT in Welding

    Uploaded by

    Sapan Kansara
    248 views35 pages
    Radiographic testing uses radiation to create images of the internal structure or features of an object. X-rays or gamma rays are passed through an object and their interaction is recorded on a radiation-sensitive film. Areas of differing density within the object will block more or less of the radiation, creating a shadow image on the film. This technique can be used to inspect welds and detect defects like porosity, cracks, or lack of penetration. Precise film handling and interpretation by a trained technician are required to evaluate the results. While powerful for nondestructive testing, radiography also presents radiation hazards that require safety precautions.

    Original Description:

    This document shows how to do RT in welding.

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    Radiographic testing uses radiation to create images of the internal structure or features of an object. X-rays or gamma rays are passed through an object and their interaction is recorded on a radiation-sensitive film. Areas of differing density within the object will block more or less of the radiation, creating a shadow image on the film. This technique can be used to inspect welds and detect defects like porosity, cracks, or lack of penetration. Precise film handling and interpretation by a trained technician are required to evaluate the results. While powerful for nondestructive testing, radiography also presents radiation hazards that require safety precautions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    248 views35 pages

    RT in Welding

    Uploaded by

    Sapan Kansara
    Radiographic testing uses radiation to create images of the internal structure or features of an object. X-rays or gamma rays are passed through an object and their interaction is recorded on a radiation-sensitive film. Areas of differing density within the object will block more or less of the radiation, creating a shadow image on the film. This technique can be used to inspect welds and detect defects like porosity, cracks, or lack of penetration. Precise film handling and interpretation by a trained technician are required to evaluate the results. While powerful for nondestructive testing, radiography also presents radiation hazards that require safety precautions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are the principles of radiographic testing (RT), the types of radiation used (x-rays and gamma rays), how they are produced, and common applications of RT.

    The principles of RT are that radiation is passed through an object and the amount that passes through is detected on film, with denser areas stopping more radiation and appearing darker on the film.

    The two main types of radiation used are x-rays and gamma rays. X-rays are produced when electrons are fired at a metal target, while gamma rays are emitted from radioactive isotope sources. They both travel in straight lines at the speed of light.

    Radiographic testing in Welding

    1) RT principle:
    In radiographic testing, the part to be
    inspected is placed between the
    radiation source and a piece of radiation
    sensitive film.
    The part will stop some of the radiation
    where thicker and more dense areas will
    stop more of the radiation.
    The radiation that passes through the
    part will expose the film and forms a
    shadowgraph of the part.
    The film darkness (density) will vary with
    the amount of radiation reaching the film
    through the test object where darker
    areas indicate more exposure and lighter
    areas indicate less exposure.
    Radiation
    Radiation is the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or
    particles, especially high-energy particles which cause ionization.
    Two types of radiation waves are used in RT, x-ray & Gamma rays.
    X-rays are produced by firing electrons at a metal target and gamma
    rays are emitted by the nucleus of radioactive atoms.

    Properties of X-Rays and Gamma Rays


    1. They travel in straight lines at the speed of light.
    2. Their paths cannot be changed by electrical or magnetic fields.
    3. They have enough energy to ionize matter and can damage or destroy
    living cells.
    4. Their degree of penetration depends on their energy.
    5. They are not detected by human senses (cannot be seen, heard, felt,
    etc.).
    X-rays
    The major components of an X-ray
    generator are the tube, the high voltage
    generator, the control console, and the
    cooling system.

    X-rays are generated by directing a stream


    of high speed electrons at a target material
    such as tungsten.

    When the electrons are slowed or stopped


    by the interaction with the atomic particles
    of the target, X-radiation is produced.
    Isotope (Gamma-ray)
    Man made radioactive sources are produced
    by introducing an extra neutron to atoms
    of the source material.

    As the material gets rid of the neutron,


    energy is released in the form of gamma
    rays.

    Two of the most common industrial gamma-


    ray sources for industrial radiography are
    Iridium-192 and Cobalt-60.
    Radiographic films
    RT films consists of a transparent, blue-tinted
    base coated on both sides with an emulsion.
    The emulsion consists of gelatin containing
    sensitive silver halide crystals.

    When X-rays, gamma rays or light rays strike


    the crystals or grains, some of the Br- ions are
    liberated leaving the Ag+ ions.

    the exposed grains are now more sensitive to


    reaction with the developer. The typical total
    thickness of the X-ray film is approximately
    0.23 mm
    RT Techniques
    Radiography of pipes, however, where access to the bore to place
    the film is not possible , so some techniques are used for that.
    1. Single wall single image ( SWSI)
    2. Double wall single image (DWSI)
    3. Double wall double image (DWDI)

    1. Single wall single image (SWSI)


    2 . Double wall single image (DWSI)

    3 . Double wall double image (DWDI)


    Film processing

    Film processing basically


    involves the following five
    steps:

    1) Development ( 18 to 20 C for 5 min)


    2) Stopping the development ( 30 sec )
    3) Fixing ( 5 to 6 min)
    4) Washing
    5) Drying
    Film packing
    Radiographic film can be purchased in a
    number of different packaging options and
    they are available in a variety of sizes.

    Each sheet must be loaded into a cassette or


    film holder in a darkroom to protect it from
    exposure to light.

    Industrial X-ray films are also available in a


    form in which each sheet is enclosed in a
    light-tight envelope.

    X-ray film should always be handled carefully


    to avoid physical strains, such as pressure,
    creasing, buckling, friction, etc.
    Image quality indicator (IQI)
    One of the methods of controlling the quality of a radiograph is through the use of
    image quality indicators (IQIs), which are also referred to as penetrameters.

    IQIs should be placed on the source side of the part over a section with a material
    thickness equivalent to the region of interest.

    The two most commonly used IQI types are: the hole type and the wire IQIs.
    Hole-Type IQIs
    Hole-type IQIs are classified in eight groups based on
    their radiation absorption characteristics. A notching
    system is used to indicate the IQI material.

    The prnertrameter thickness is usually 2% of the


    specimen thickness. Lead number on the
    penetrameter indicates thickness of penetrameter in
    thousands of inch.

    Three holes are drilled with diameter respectively 4T, T


    & 2T where T is thickness of penetrameter.
    Wire-type IQIs
    Wire IQIs consist of a set of six wires arranged
    in order of increasing diameter and covered
    between two sheets of clear plastic.

    Wire IQIs are grouped in four sets each having


    different range of wire diameters.

    The set letter (A, B, C or D) is shown in the


    upper left corner of the IQI. The number in the
    lower left corner indicates the material group.
    Densitometer & viewer.

    After the film processing, radiographs are viewed using a light-box &
    densitometer is used to view the density of the film.
    How RT is done in industries?

    1. Surface preparation
    2. RT request
    3. RT permit
    4. Weld identification
    5. Source selection
    6. RT technique
    7. Film identification
    8. Location markers
    9. IQI selection
    10.Film & source placement
    11.Exposure
    12.Film development
    13.Film interpretation
    14.Evaluation & report
    Radiation Detectors
    Instruments used for radiation measurement fall into two
    broad categories:
    1) Rate measuring instruments.
    Rate measuring instruments measure the rate at which
    exposure is received

    2) Personal dose measuring instruments.


    Dose measuring instruments are those that measure the total
    amount of exposure received during a measuring period.
    Rate measuring instruments

    Survey Meters Audible Alarm Rate Meters


    Dose measuring instruments

    Digital Electronic Dosimeter


    Direct Read Pocket Dosimeter
    Controlling Radiation Exposure
    The three basic ways of controlling exposure to harmful radiation
    are:

    1) Limiting the time spent near a source of radiation.

    2) Increasing the distance away from the source.

    3) And using shielding to stop or reduce the level of radiation.


    Steps to do film interpretation?

    1. Verify films with RT request. ( Weld no /


    Component no)
    2. Check film density.
    3. Check weld no. & location markers
    4. Check film sensitivity.
    5. Interpret the films
    6. Compare with standard
    7. Report making.
    RT Welding defects

    Porosity :
    Cluster porosity :
    Slag Inclusions :
    Incomplete penetration (IP)
    or lack of penetration (LOP) :
    Incomplete fusion :
    Internal or Root Undercut :
    External or crown undercut :
    Offset or mismatch :
    Inadequate weld reinforcement :
    Excess Weld Reinforcement :
    Cracks :
    Tungsten Inclusions :
    RT advantages:
    Both surface and internal discontinuities can be
    detected.
    Significant variations in composition can be
    detected.
    It has a very few material limitations.
    Can be used for inspecting hidden areas (direct
    access to surface is not required)
    Very minimal or no part preparation is required.
    Permanent test record is obtained.
    Good portability especially for gamma-ray sources.
    RT disadvantages:
    Hazardous to operators and other nearby
    personnel.
    High degree of skill and experience is required for
    exposure and interpretation.
    The equipment is relatively expensive (especially
    for x-ray sources).
    The process is generally slow.
    Highly directional (sensitive to flaw orientation).
    Depth of discontinuity is not indicated.
    It requires a two-sided access to the component.
    RT Applications:

    o Air craft structures


    o Structural steel works
    o Ship building
    o Pressure vessels and boilers
    o Pipe work

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