EDU 3107i

Guidance and Counselling

for Children

ROJIAH BT ABDULLAH
JABATAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN
IPGKBA

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 Lecture 1
Lecture
Guidance & Counseling General idea & Overview
Services offered
Role of an ordinary teacher as guidance teacher
Counseling theories

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 Why G & C Importance to
society
Increase in Personal problems
Development in : economy, social, science & technology
CHANGE is social composition
migration ( Politic/ economic/ social reasons)
Family break ups, etc
Electronic (TV/ print/ cyber) etc

Effects stress & emotional disturbances , etc

expectations, environment
Rats race . $$$$$

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 Need for G&C in Schools
Indiscipline and academic problems among school
children

Students come from various backgrounds,

individual differences in terms of cognitive,
emotional, physical, interests, behaviour, talent etc.

Different abilities & interests

Lack of interest in learning; local community

influence , print and electronic media
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Historical aspect
First introduced in Malaysian school system in the
1960s.
Services focussed more on career guidance and
education.
Teachers were given these duties from time to time
by the School Department
The implementation of the Cabinet Committee
Report on Education Policy Review (1979) stressed
the importance of counseling services in schools
as set out in Recommendation 79.

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 Cabinet Committee Report on Education Policy Review
(1979) Recommendation 79.

Since 1969, MOE provided training to teachers

who undertook the Guidance and Counselling in
schools

ISL

a) Summarize the emergence and importance of G & C

in Malaysia. (Refer ISL)
b) When these services were extended to primary
schools?
c) How primary school teachers help students to get
guidance services in the schools?
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 General overview

1. Guidance (Bimbingan]
Process involving an individual / group of individuals
who need help.

Help individuals to make the selection/choices that

gives significant impact on their lifestyle. (Jane, 2003)

The process of helping an individual to understand

himself and the world around him so he can use his
skills, abilities, and talents to the fullest. (Abdul Malek,
2003)

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Continue: Guidance
Guidance is an education process.
(Crow and Crow, 1960)
It is a helping process given to students who
are developing in aspects , like mental,
social, intellectual, physical, emotional,
psychological and spiritual. (Shertzer and
Stone, 1981)

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 Guidance is a professional and systematic
process designed to help individuals by
educating them to understand their potential
effectively (Shertzer and Stone, 1981).

SO, guidance is a process to help

individuals understand themselves and the
world around, SO they can utilise their
abilities, capabilities and talents to the
fullest.

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 2. Counselling

A counseling process where the client

tells of his past events and gradually
moved to present scenario.
Here and Now (Carl Rogers, 1951)

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Cont counselling
A process helping clients understand and explain their
views on a life and learn to achieve their
goals(Patterson, 1986)

Counseling includes ethical activities by counselors in

helping clients engage in positive types of behavior
that would result in resolving their problems (Krumboltz,
1996).

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 Counselling is an interaction process that drives meaningful understanding
of self and the environment and contribute to the establishment of goals and
values for future behavior (Blocher viewed Shertzer and Stone, 1981)

Counseling is a combination of techniques, skills and attitudes to help

individuals manage their problems by using the resources available to the client
with the best (Reddy, 1987).

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 Counseling is a unique , helping
relationship in which the client is provided
the opportunity to learn, feel, think,
experience a change in the ways that
she thinks is desirable.
(Blackham,1977)

Counseling does NOT HELP clients

either to adapt themselves to the
society or against it, but HELPING
INDIVIDUALS TO KNOW OURSELVES
TO THE FULLEST (Arbuckle, 1977)
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Counseling is a relationship characterized by mutual
respect, effective communication, genuine
acceptance and the focus is on the needs,
problems and feelings of the client. (Pine and Pine,
1982).

The disturbed people are helped through interaction

with counsellors who provide information and
encourage clients to develop a response that
allows them to address the surrounding
/environments addressing effectively. (Lewis, 1970).

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 Counseling is to help a person learn to make
choices and implement them as soon as possible.

A professional relationship between counsellor and

client, person-to-person, help clients learn to
achieve the set goal . (Burks & Stefflre, 1979)

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Counseling can be defined as a
helping process to developing
thoughts, stabilising clients
emotions,
and change to more acceptable
behaviour

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 3.Psychotherapy

A psychological treatment/ process that

focused on the changes in personality and
behaviour (usually severe human problems.)
Usually in hospital because it requires
treatment of a serious personality
disorder.

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 Psychiatric treatment or mental disorders
NEED to use psychological methods.

The process of helping patients take a long

time involving skilled psychiatric and medical
psychology. (Maznah and Zainal, 2003)

Psychotherapy treatment focuses providing

comfort on interpersonal conflicts that
cause pain to patients. (Mark, 2004)

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 In conclusion, we help clients who are
emotionally disturbed.
Aimed to transform their thoughts,
behaviour and feelings so as to develop their
potential in a positive direction.

Refer : Sabariah Siron (2005). Teori Kaunseling & Psikoterapi.

Kuala Lumpur : Pearson Prentice Hall

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 4. Differences / similarities
Counselling Psychotherapy
Helping individuals Recovery of mental
overcome problems and to illness
live well
Self development towards Helping clients
achieving optimum strength. reconstruct changes
Usually for a short term, long-term (6 mths-2
less than 6 months years)
OUT-patient only Outpatient & inpatient.

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 Guidance & Counselling

1. Aims of guidance and counselling

2. Principles and philosophy of G&C
3. Significance of G&C

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 Provide guidance, advice, assistance to the
client / student to achieve goals (academic,
sports, etc.)

Study skills, social skills / communication

Techniques to answer questions, get to know

themselves through test - a test of personality

Provide appropriate and useful intelligent

decisions suitable with their ability & talent.
Do further reading on the objectives, aims
and the philosophy
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 It is a process to help students understand
themselves and the world around them !!!
Guidance Principles:

1. Given TO ALL students in terms of academic

guidance, career, personal and social
management.
2. All teachers are guidance teachers
3. Guidance is a continuous, systematic lifelong
service
4. Guidance prevent students being involved in
negative activities etc..

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 6. Counselling Objectives
Facilitate behaviour change
Improves, help to start and
continue client relationships
Helping clients manage self
efficacy (coping)
Encourage decision-making process
Assist in the development and
achievement of clients potential

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Counselling GOALS

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 1. Facilitating BEHAVIOUR CHANGE

Client / student is more productive and satisfying.

Example:
Students may encounter problems relating to others.
Through counselling sessions, clients / students will
be able to understand and consider ways to
interact effectively.

The counselling GOAL is to promote and facilitate

client change behavior more effectively

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 2.Positive Relationships
Clients may not know how to face
problems while interacting with
students & teachers in the right way.

Students do NOT have the skills to

communicate, or have negative self-image

OUR GOAL is to find a way to improve

the interaction quality

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3. Self Managing
Expectations: Parents, teachers, the environment
causes the client / pupil in primary schools to deal with
stress.

A child, for example, when unable to meet the expectations of the

parents will learn behaviours that are less efficient or less
effective, or both.

EXAMPLE :
Suresh has always been criticized for failing in the subject. As a result,
he is lazy and always try skipping class.
So at the primary level - Guidance Teachers can help students
manage themselves more effectively and improve
their self image and enhance confidence.

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4. Making decissions

Difficult to make a choice.

Fear, not knowing how to make good
decisions, no exposure, etc..
Making decisions without considering
several alternatives exist.
OUR GOAL: help them identify
alternatives and LEARN to make best
decissions.
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 In a counselling session

help make important decisions for life.

WE DO NOT give the last word BUT help
client chooses a decision.
They are taught through play groups /
acting / etc. to make the best final decision
for themselves.
Students / clients will understand and know
why and how to make decisions, what are
the effects - they learn to take responsibility.

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5. Increase their potential
opportunity to learn how to use
their abilities and interests to the
maximum level.

Taught to increase personal

effectiveness

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For example:

Concerned about their health

Overcoming shame or shyness are not

productive, alleviate stress and depression

Helps reduce / overcome whatever block or

hinder the development of one's potential
abilities and interests.

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 Differences between Guidance and counselling

Guidance is a service / activity to complement

the knowledge and skills of individuals
Eg study skills, communication skills.
Counselling is service which aims to develop
the potential of individuals to manage their life
effectively.
Eg: effective time management skills
making decision, etc..

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 Tutorial Topic 1

Explain how guidance and counselling services

can enhance the well-being of our nation's human
capital.
Tutorial Topic 2

Counsellors Code of Ethics is the guiding platform

for all counsellors to perform their duties.
Analyze critically the significance of the Code of
Ethics to guidance and counselling services in
schools
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 Part II

G&C
Philosophy and principles

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 Counselling Philosophy
Each individual / student is entitled to help/
guide irrespective of different religion, culture,
level of intelligence, economic status and race.
Each individual has their own social
environment. Therefore teachers need to know the
patterns of interaction of students / clients in
understanding the thoughts, attitudes and behaviours
of students.
Every individual is different. So there should be a
different approach to the formation of petrified
students a positive personality

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Counseling principles
1. Empathy
2. Accept
unconditionally
3. Originality /
congruent
4. Loving/ friendly
5. Confidentiality
6. Therapeutic

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 1. Empaty
Counsellors immerse into client
problems (put himself in the situation of the client)
Ability to enter clients the
world (Carl Rogers)
A key component to listen and
understand the client themselves
fully. Clients will have a good
relationship / good rappo - to help
facilitate client
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2. Unconditional
acceptance
Accepting the client regardless of
background, personality, culture
client.
Have an open, positive attitude,
respect for the client
Counselors receive client who has
self-esteem and self-respect.
Clients are not rated and
counsellors do not pretend. (Carl Rogers,
1977)

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 Honesty with the client and act according to
their own pace counselor
Counselors do not hide or cover up when
facing a client (Jane, 2003)
Counselors must be sensitive to the
feelings and reactions of himself , then
respond appropriately in regard to with their
internal reactions and communication.

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 Congruence means ...
Rogers (1977) suggest counsellors are
congruent when THEIR behaviour matches the
statement.

Brammer (1999): alignment helps the

counsellor project his right attitude to their
clients.

Congruence helps students /clients feel safe

and trust the counsellors abilities.

It creates a therapeutic & meaningful

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relationship
 4. Friendliness
Qualities/Attributes that make it easier for other people
to be friendly and easy to approach; A fundamental
quality to build trust.

Counsellors do not make any judgment, not impose

conditions and terms of client care. (Carkhuff, 1969)

The quality can establish a therapeutic and supportive

counseling which allows clients feel comfortable,
confident, happy and easy interaction and no sense
'itself stranger' in a counseling session.
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 5. Confidentiality
Confidentialitymust be assured.
Counselling room(s) is a confidential
counseling and therapeutic - aims to protect
the confidentiality of client (Wallis and Stewart
(1981)
Confidentiality guarantee the effectiveness of
mutual respect and trust relationship between
counselor and client.
The counsellor MUST ensure client
confidentiality s far as he/she can.

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 When confidentiality is
broken?
Situations where confidentiality DOES NOT
Apply:

client endangers own self or others.

Clients requesting information about him to be
exposed.
the court asked for information to be disclosed.
counselor suspected child abuse occurs.

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 Exceptions to Confidentiality for Mental Health Providers in
California, US
1. You are a danger to yourself and threaten to harm yourself (e.g., suicidal).
2. You threaten to harm another specific person (e.g., assault, kill).
3. A member of your family informs your treating therapist that you seriously
intend to harm another.
4. You are seeking psychological services to enable someone to commit a crime,
or to avoid detection or apprehension yourself.
5. You are being evaluated by a court-appointed psychologist.
6. You are being evaluated to determine your sanity in a criminal proceeding.
7. You are under 16 years old and are the victim of a crime.
8. You are under 18 years old and your treating therapist reasonably suspects that
you are a victim of child abuse.

Read more at: http://supp.apa.org/books/Essential-Ethics-for-Psychologists/exceptions.pdf

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 6. Theraputic

Cosy atmosphere, discussion without pressure,

without interruption and not feel threatened

For Carl Rogers (1967); empathy, respect and

good thoughts, honesty

It is vital ingredient for a successful G&C

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 47
RANJIT SINGH
 Responsibility of the counselors to maintain client
confidentiality so that the good relations that have been
established are not wasted.
If the client does not believe the counselors, the good
relations that have been built will be affected, and it is
probable that the client will not want to see them again.

What will YOU do when...

Class teachers asks students the reason to meet a
counsellor? In return students feels betrayed because
they feel that their confidentiality is at stake. They
feel counsellors lied!!

What is your reaction? What will you do?

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 Tutorial Topic 2
1. Briefly discuss the importance of confidentiality in
counseling? Can this principle be waived in certain
situations? Why? Give reasons using facts.

2. Regular teachers fails to understand the goals of G&C .

They interrogate and run-down pupils who then have
phobia to meet the counsellor. How can you help to
increase students self confidence to have counselling
sessions for their benefits?

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