Surrey Mini-School R. F. Casten

Surrey Mini-School
Lecture 2
R. F. Casten
Outline
Introduction, survey of data what nuclei do
Independent particle model and residual interactions

Particles in orbits in the nucleus
Residual interactions: results and simple physical interpretation
Multipole decomposition
Seniority the best thing since buffalo mozzarella
Collective models -- Geometrical

Vibrational models
Deformed rotors
Axially asymmetric rotors
Quantum phase transitions
Linking the microscopic and macroscopic p-n interactions
The Interacting Boson Approximation (IBA) model

Independent Particle Model Uh oh !!!
Trouble shows up
Shell Structure
Mottelson (Nobel Prize for the Unified Model, 1975)

ANL, Sept. 2006
Shell gaps, magic numbers, and shell structure are not

merely details but are fundamental to our
understanding of one of the most basic features of
nuclei independent particle motion. If we dont
understand the basic quantum levels of nucleons in the
nucleus, we dont understand nuclei. Moreover,
perhaps counter-intuitively, the emergence of nuclear
collectivity itself depends on independent particle
motion (and the Pauli Principle).
Independent Particle Model
Some great successes (for nuclei that are

doubly magic plus 1).
Clearly inapplicable for nuclei with more than

one particle outside a doubly magic core. In
fact, in such nuclei, it is not even defined. Thus,
as is, it is applicable to only a couple % of nuclei.
Residual interactions and angular momentum

coupling to the rescue.
Shell Model with residual
interactions mostly 2-particle
systems
Simple forces, simple physical
interpretation
Residual Interactions
Need to consider a more complete Hamiltonian:
H = H0 + Hresidual
Hresidual reflects interactions not in the single particle
potential.
NOT a minor perturbation. In fact, these residual interactions

determine almost everything we know about most nuclei.
Start with 2- particle system, that is, a nucleus doubly

magic + 2. Hresidual is H12(r12)
Consider two identical valence nucleons with j 1 and j2 .

Two questions: What total angular momenta j 1 + j2 = J can be
formed? What are the energies of states with these J
values?
Coupling of two angular momenta
j1 + j 2 All values from: j1 j2 to j1+ j2 (j1 =/j2)
Example: j1 = 3, j2 = 5: J = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
BUT: For j1 = j2: J = 0, 2, 4, 6, ( 2j 1) (Why these?)

How can we know which total J values are obtained for the
coupling of two identical nucleons in the same orbit with
total angular momentum j? Several methods: easiest is
the m-scheme.
Can we obtain
such simple
results by
considering
residual
interactions?
Separate
Separateradial
radialand
andangular
angularcoordinates
coordinates
Extending the IPM with residual
interactions
Consider now an extension of, say, the Ca nuclei to 43Ca, with
three particles in a j= 7/2 orbit outside a closed shell?
How do the three particle angular momenta, j, couple to give

final total J values?
If we use the m-scheme for three particles in a 7/2 orbit the

allowed J values are 15/2, 11/2, 9/2, 7/2, 5/2, 3/2.
For the case of J = 7/2, two of the particles must have their
angular momenta coupled to J = 0, giving a total J = 7/2 for all
three particles.
For the J = 15/2, 11/2, 9/2, 5/2, and 3/2, there are no pairs of
particles coupled to J = 0.
Since a J = 0 pair is the lowest configuration for two particles in

the same orbit, that case, namely total J = 7/2, must lie
lowest !!
43
Ca
Treat as 20 protons and 20

neutrons forming a doubly
magic core with angular
momentum J = 0. The lowest
energy for the 3-particle
configuration is therefore
J = 7/2.
Note that the key to this is the

results we have discussed for
the 2-particle system !!
How can we understand the energy patterns
that we have seen for two particle spectra
with residual interactions? Easy involves
a very beautiful application of the Pauli
Principle.
xx
This is the most
important slide:
understand this and
all the key ideas
about residual
interactions will be
clear !!!!!
R4/2< 2.0
Backups
Shell model too crude. Need to add in extra
interactions among valence nucleons outside closed
shells.
These dominate the evolution of Structure
Residual interactions
Pairing coupling of two identical nucleons to angular

momentum zero. No preferred direction in space, therefore
drives nucleus towards spherical shapes
p-n interactions generate configuration mixing, unequal

magnetic state occupations, therefore drive towards
collective structures and deformation
Monopole component of p-n interactions generates

changes in single particle energies and shell structure
So, we will have a Hamiltonian
H = H0 + Hresid.
where H0 is that of the Ind. Part. Model
We need to figure out what Hresid. does.

Think of the three particles as 2 + 1. How do the 2 behave?
We have now seen that they prefer to form a J = 0 state.

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Surrey Mini-School

Independent particle model and residual interactions

Collective models -- Geometrical

Linking the microscopic and macroscopic p-n interactions

The Interacting Boson Approximation (IBA) model

Mottelson (Nobel Prize for the Unified Model, 1975)

Shell gaps, magic numbers, and shell structure are not

Some great successes (for nuclei that are

Clearly inapplicable for nuclei with more than

Residual interactions and angular momentum

NOT a minor perturbation. In fact, these residual interactions

Start with 2- particle system, that is, a nucleus doubly

Consider two identical valence nucleons with j 1 and j2 .

j1 + j 2 All values from: j1 j2 to j1+ j2 (j1 =/j2)

BUT: For j1 = j2: J = 0, 2, 4, 6, ( 2j 1) (Why these?)

How do the three particle angular momenta, j, couple to give

If we use the m-scheme for three particles in a 7/2 orbit the

Since a J = 0 pair is the lowest configuration for two particles in

Treat as 20 protons and 20

Note that the key to this is the

These dominate the evolution of Structure

Pairing coupling of two identical nucleons to angular

p-n interactions generate configuration mixing, unequal

Monopole component of p-n interactions generates

where H0 is that of the Ind. Part. Model

We need to figure out what Hresid. does.

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