EMF2016

ELECTROMAGNETIC
THEORY
COMPLEX NUMBER
Integer
-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,

Is 5/4 an integer?
Is 1.2 an integer?

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 Real number

(Image source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Number-line.svg)

All points on the above number line are real

numbers, e.g. 1.2, 5.67 and 9.123456.

Is 1 a real number?
Is 2 a real number?

Recommended reading: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number

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Imaginary number
An imaginary number is the
product (multiplication) of a real
number and an imaginary unit, e.g.
j2 and j3.3 (in this case, j is the
imaginary unit).
The product of two imaginary unit
is -1 (by definition), i.e. j2 = -1.
What is the result of j2 j3.3?
Is the result an imaginary number?
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Complex number
A complex number is a number
that consists of two independent
real numbers.
It is commonly written in one of two
forms, i.e. rectangular or polar form.
It is an important mathematical tool
used in solving many engineering
problems.

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Rectangular form
In rectangular form, a complex number is written
as the sum of a real number and an imaginary
number, i.e.
imaginary unit

z x jy
complex real imaginary
number number number
Real part operator

Re z x
real part complex real
operator number number
Imaginary part operator

Im z y
Imaginary part complex real
operator number number
Rectangular form:
Examples
z1 = 1 + j2
Re(z1) = 1
Im(z1) = 2
z2 = cos t + j sin t
Re(z2) = cos t
Im(z2) = sin t

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Polar form
In polar form, a complex number is written as the
product of a real number and the exponential
function of an imaginary number or as a 2-tuple of
magnitude and angle, i.e.
magnitude angle

z ae ab jb

complex real exponential

number number function
Magnitude operator

abs z z a
magnitude or real number
absolute value magnitude
operator
Angle operator

arg z b
angle or real number
argument angle
operator
 Degree and Radian

180 rad
mandatory degree unit optional radian unit

How many radians are 100 ?

How many degrees are 2 radians?

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Polar form: Examples
z3 = 1 2
abs(z3) = 1
arg(z3) = 2
z4 = 2 ej3
abs(z4) = 2
arg(z4) = 3

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Eulers formula
Eulers formula relates the rectangular and
polar forms of complex number.

j
e cos j sin
polar rectangular

What is the result of Re(ej) and

Im(ej)?
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Eulers formula: Exercise 1
Using Eulers formula, show that
j j
e e
cos
2
j j
e e
sin
2j

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Eulers formula: Exercise 2
Given z = a e j b = x + jy, using Eulers
formula, show that
x a cos b
y a sin b
Hence, show that

a x y 2 2

b arctan y / x
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Polar to rectangular
conversion
Use Eulers formula, i.e.

e j cos j sin
Examples:
2ej2 = 2 (cos 2 + j sin 2)
= -0.8323 + j 1.8186
5ej90 = 5 (cos 90 + j sin 90)

=j5
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Rectangular to polar
conversion
Use
a x 2 y 2 , b arctan y / x
Examples:
1+j x=y=1
a 12 12 2 , b arctan1 / 1 45
Hence, 1 j 2 e j 45
2+j3 x = 2, y = 3
a 2 2 32 13 , b arctan 3 / 2 45
Hence, 2 j 3 13 e j 56.31
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Complex plane
Complex plane is a plane defined
by a real-number axis and an
imaginary-number axis in
quadrature (at 90 with each
other).
Each complex number corresponds
to one point on the complex plane.

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Complex plane cont.
Im

j3
(3+2j)
j2
j
Re
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4

-j2
(-4-2j) -j3

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Complex plane cont.
The points distance from the
origin is the magnitude of the
complex number.
The points angle measured at the
origin, from the real axis, in the
counter clockwise direction, is the
argument of the complex number.

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Complex plane - cont.
Im

j3

(3+2j)
j2

a
j
b
Re
1 2 3 4

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4-quad angle
It is obvious by now that the angle or
argument of a complex number cover 4
quadrants with a total span of 360 or 2
radians.
But most calculators return a 2-quadrant
result for the inverse of trigonometric
functions such as arctan.
Hence, if the argument is determined from
the arctan, the 2-quad result has to be
converted to 4-quad result.

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2-quad to 4-quad angle
conversion
(for arctan)
1. Knowing the principal (2-quad) range:
2 1
- arctan
3 4

2. Determine the angle quadrant from (x,

y):
(,+) (+,+)

(,) (+,)

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2-quad to 4-quad angle
conversion
(arctan) cont.
3. No change if the angle is in the principal
quads, else add 180 or radians to the
result.

Example: Determine arg(-2+j)

arctan(-1/2) = - 0.464
(-2,1) is in quad 3, not a principal quad.
Hence, arg(-2+j) = - 0.464 + = 2.678

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Negative angle
If the angle is negative valued, it is
measured in the opposite direction, i.e.
the clockwise direction.
Hence, for example, - 45 = 315.

315 - 45
(315 360)
(-45 + 360)

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Complex conjugate
imaginary part
sign changes

x jy *
x jy
complex conjugate real part
operator no change

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Complex conjugate Exercise
1
Show that
Re(z) = (z + z*)

Im(z) = (z z*)

z z* = |z|2

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Complex arithmetic
Addition / Subtraction
Real add real, imaginary add imaginary
e.g. (1+j2) + (3+j4) = (1+3) + j (2+4) = 4 + j6
Multiplication
Use distributive law
e.g. (1+j2)(3+j4)
= 13 + 1j4 + j23 + j2j4
= 3 + j4 + j6 8
= -5 + j10

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Complex arithmetic cont.
Division
Make the denominator a real number by
multiplying the complex conjugate of the
denominator (bottom) to both the
numerator (top) and the denominator.
e.g. 1 j 2 1 j2 3 j4

3 j4 3 j4 3 j4
11 j 2
2
3 j 4
2

11 j 2
0.44 j 0.08
25
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Complex nth root or power
1. Write the complex operand in polar
form.
2. Use exponent rules

Example:
1 j 2 2.236 e j1.107
j1.107
2.236 e 2

1.495 e j 0.5535
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Summary
Equations or rules to remember: (List is not exhaustive)

e j cos j sin
e j e j
cos
2
e j e j
sin
2j
j e j 90
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Summary cont.
x a cos b
(polar to rectangular)
y a sin b

a x y2 2
(rectangular to polar)

b arctan y / x

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Summary cont.

Re(z) = (z + z*)
Im(z) = (z z*)
z z* = |z|2

a e
jb p
a e
p jbp

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