Engineering Mathematics for EE

Module 1:
Complex Numbers

Prepared by:

ENGR. MICHAEL ERNIE F. RODRIGUEZ

Instructor, Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Palawan State University
 Module 1
COMPLEX NUMBERS

Overview

In elementary algebra courses, you learned about the existence and some of the properties
of complex numbers. In advanced courses, you may have seen complex numbers
occasionally (see Module 4 of Differential Equations). In this module, we are going to
introduce you to complex analysis; that is, the study of functions of a complex variable.

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Apply arithmetic operations on complex numbers.
2. Solve problems involving powers and roots of a complex number.
3. Solve transcendental functions of a complex variable.

Module Contents

1. Introduction
2. Arithmetic Operations
3. Powers and Roots
4. Logarithmic Functions
5. Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
6. Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
 Lesson
Introduction
1.1

In solving the quadratic equation 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5 = 0, we arrive with the result 𝑥 = −1 ± √−4.

Since we can write −4 = −1 × 2 × 2, we might say that 𝑥 = −1 ± 2√−1, but we can go no
further since no real number has a square root of −1.

In order to make progress, we introduce a quantity 𝑗, called the imaginary unit, which obey
the following rule:
𝑗 2 = −1
The solutions of the quadratic equation above can be written as 𝑥 = −1 ± 𝑗2.

A complex number is any number in the form 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏 where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are real numbers
and 𝑗 is the imaginary unit.
Examples: 𝑗2, 3 + 𝑗5, −𝑗3, −4 + 𝑗2
When 𝑎 = 0, the number is said to be pure imaginary; when 𝑏 = 0, the number is real.
Hence, real numbers are a special case of complex numbers.

The form 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 is used to indicate the general complex number and denoted by 𝑧. The
number 𝑗 is called the imaginary unit.
The real number 𝑥 in 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 is called the real part of 𝑧, abbreviated as 𝐑𝐞(𝒛). The real
number 𝑦 in 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 is called the imaginary part of 𝑧, abbreviated as 𝐈𝐦(𝒛).

Example 1
Given the complex number 𝑧 = 4 − 𝑗9, find Re(𝑧) and Im(𝑧).
Solution
Re(𝑧) = 4
Im(𝑧) = −9
Note that Im(𝑧) ≠ −𝑗9.
Related to each complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 is its complex conjugate or, simply, conjugate,
𝑧̅ = 𝑥 – 𝑗𝑦: the real part is not changed but the imaginary part has its sign changed.
The solution to the quadratic equation 𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 5, namely −1 + 𝑗2 and −1 − 𝑗2, are a
complex conjugate pair.

Equality of Complex Numbers

The complex number 𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑗𝑦1 and 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑗𝑦2 are equal if they have the same real
parts and the same imaginary parts.
1. If (𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦) = 0, then 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 = 0.
2. If (𝑥1 + 𝑗𝑦1 ) = (𝑥2 + 𝑗𝑦2 ), then 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 and 𝑦1 = 𝑦2 .
3. If (𝑥1 + 𝑗𝑦1 )(𝑥2 + 𝑗𝑦2 ) = 0, then (𝑥1 + 𝑗𝑦1 ) = 0 or (𝑥2 + 𝑗𝑦2 ) = 0.

Example 2
If 3𝑥 − 5 + 𝑗(4𝑥 + 3) = 𝑦 − 4 + 𝑗(3𝑥 + 𝑦), find values of 𝑥 and 𝑦.
Solution
Real: 3𝑥 − 5 = 𝑦 − 4
Imaginary: 4𝑥 + 3 = 3𝑥 + 𝑦
Hence, solving for 𝑥 and 𝑦: 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = 5

Forms of Complex Numbers

1. Rectangular Form: 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦
where: 𝑥 = real part or component
𝑦 = imaginary part or component
2. Polar Form: 𝑧 = 𝑟∠𝜃
where: 𝑟 = magnitude or amplitude
𝜃 = argument or displacement in degrees
∠ (read as bar angle)
3. Trigonometric Form: 𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃) or 𝑟𝑐𝑗𝑠𝜃 or 𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝜃
where: 𝑟 = magnitude or amplitude
𝜃 = argument or displacement in degrees
4. Exponential Form: 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 ±𝑗𝜃
where: 𝜃 = argument or displacement in radians

The j-Operator
The j-operator is an operator used to indicate the counter-clockwise rotation of a vector
through 90°.

Powers of j

𝑗 = √−1 𝑗 4 = (𝑗 2 )2 = 1

𝑗 2 = −1 𝑗 5 = (𝑗 4 )𝑗 = 𝑗

𝑗 3 = (𝑗 2 )𝑗 = −𝑗

Example 3
Evaluate the following: 𝑗 9 , 𝑗 20 , 𝑗 30 , 𝑗 15 , 𝑗 42 , 𝑗 11.
Solution
𝑗 9 = (𝑗 4 )2 𝑗 = (1)2 𝑗 = 𝑗
𝑗 20 = (𝑗 4 )5 = (1)5 = 1
𝑗 30 = (𝑗 4 )7 𝑗 2 = (1)7 (−1) = −1
𝑗 15 = (𝑗 4 )3 𝑗 3 = (1)3 (−𝑗) = −𝑗
𝑗 42 = (𝑗 4 )10 𝑗 2 = (1)10 (−1) = −1
𝑗 11 = (𝑗 4 )2 𝑗 3 = (1)2 (−𝑗) = −𝑗
 Lesson
Arithmetic Operations
1.2

Complex numbers can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided. If 𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑗𝑦1 and
𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑗𝑦2 , these operations are defined as follows.
• Addition
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = (𝑥1 + 𝑗𝑦1 ) + (𝑥2 + 𝑗𝑦2 ) = (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ) + 𝑗(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )
• Subtraction
𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = (𝑥1 + 𝑗𝑦1 ) − (𝑥2 + 𝑗𝑦2 ) = (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) + 𝑗(𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )
• Multiplication
𝑧1 𝑧2 = (𝑥1 + 𝑗𝑦1 )(𝑥2 + 𝑗𝑦2 ) = 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 + 𝑗(𝑦1 𝑥2 + 𝑥1 𝑦2 )
• Division
𝑧1 𝑥1 + 𝑗𝑦1 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2
= = 2 2
+𝑗
𝑧2 𝑥2 + 𝑗𝑦2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑥2 2 + 𝑦2 2

The familiar commutative, associative, and distributive laws hold for complex numbers.
• Commutative Laws
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧2 + 𝑧1
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧2 𝑧1
• Associative Laws
𝑧1 + (𝑧2 + 𝑧3 ) = (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ) + 𝑧3
𝑧1 (𝑧2 𝑧3 ) = (𝑧1 𝑧2 )𝑧3
• Distributive Law
𝑧1 (𝑧2 + 𝑧3 ) = 𝑧1 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 𝑧3
In view of these laws, there is no need to memorize the definitions of addition, subtraction,
and multiplication.
To add/subtract two complex numbers, we simply add/subtract the corresponding real and
imaginary parts. To multiply two complex numbers, we use the distributive law and the fact
that 𝑗 2 = −1.
Example 4
If 𝑧1 = 2 + 𝑗4 and 𝑧2 = −3 + 𝑗8, find a) 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 and b) 𝑧1 𝑧2 .
Solution
a) By adding the real and imaginary parts of the two numbers,
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = (2 + 𝑗4) + (−3 + 𝑗8) = (2 − 3) + 𝑗(4 + 8)
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = −1 + 𝑗12
b) Using the distributive law,
𝑧1 𝑧2 = (2 + 𝑗4)(−3 + 𝑗8)
= (2 + 𝑗4)(−3) + (2 + 𝑗4)(𝑗8)
= −6 − 𝑗12 + 𝑗16 + 32𝑗 2
= (−6 − 32) + 𝑗(16 − 12)
𝑧1 𝑧2 = −38 + 𝑗4

There is also no need to memorize the definition of division, but before discussing that we
need to introduce another concept.

Conjugate
If 𝑧 is a complex number, then the number obtained by changing the sign of its imaginary
part is called the complex conjugate, or, simply, conjugate of 𝑧. If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦, then its
conjugate is
𝑧̅ = 𝑥 − 𝑗𝑦
For example, if 𝑧 = 6 + 𝑗3, then 𝑧̅ = 6 − 𝑗3; if 𝑧 = −5 − 𝑗, then 𝑧̅ = −5 + 𝑗. If 𝑧 is a real
number, say 𝑧 = 7, then 𝑧̅ = 7.

Properties of Conjugates
From the definition of addition, it can be readily shown that the conjugate of a sum of two
complex numbers is the sum of the conjugates:
𝑧̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧̅1 + 𝑧̅2

Moreover, we have the additional three properties

̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑧1 𝑧̅1
𝑧̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑧̅1 − 𝑧̅2 , ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧̅1 𝑧̅2 , ( )=
𝑧2 𝑧̅2
The definitions of addition and multiplication show that the sum and product of a complex
number 𝑧 and its conjugate 𝑧̅ are also real numbers:
𝑧 + 𝑧̅ = (𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦) + (𝑥 − 𝑗𝑦) = 2𝑥 (1)
𝑧𝑧̅ = (𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑗𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑗 2 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 (2)

The difference between a complex number 𝑧 and its conjugate 𝑧̅ is a pure imaginary number:
𝑧 − 𝑧̅ = (𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦) − (𝑥 − 𝑗𝑦) = 𝑗2𝑦 (3)

Since 𝑥 = Re(𝑧) and 𝑦 = Im(𝑧), (1) and (3) yield two useful formulas:
𝑧 + 𝑧̅ 𝑧 − 𝑧̅
Re(𝑧) = and Im(𝑧) =
2 𝑗2
However, (2) is the important relationship that enables us to approach division in a more
practical manner: To divide 𝑧1 by 𝑧2 , we multiply both numerator and denominator of 𝑧1 /𝑧2
by the conjugate of 𝑧2 .

Example 5
If 𝑧1 = 2 − 𝑗3 and 𝑧2 = 4 + 𝑗6, find a) 𝑧1 /𝑧2 and b) 1/𝑧1 .
Solution
𝑧1 2 − 𝑗3 4 − 𝑗6 8 − 𝑗12 − 𝑗12 + 18𝑗 2 −10 − 𝑗24 5 6
(a) = × = = =− −𝑗
𝑧2 4 + 𝑗6 4 − 𝑗6 16 + 36 52 26 13
1 1 2 + 𝑗3 2 + 𝑗3 2 3
(b) = × = = +𝑗
𝑧1 2 − 𝑗3 2 + 𝑗3 4 + 9 13 13

Graphical Representation of Complex Numbers

The complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 can be represented as a point in the x-y plane by treating
(𝑥, 𝑦) as a Cartesian coordinate pair.
The x-axis is called the real axis and the y-axis is called the imaginary axis: the whole
picture is known as the Argand diagram (named after Jean-Robert Argand) and the x-y
plane is referred to as to the complex plane.
Each complex number corresponds to a unique point and each point to a unique complex
number. The number 𝑧2 and 𝑧3 are a complex conjugate pair: note that each is a mirror image
of the other in the real axis.
 z2
z1

z4
z3

Figure 1 Complex Number in an Argand Diagram

An alternative way of representing points in a plane is to use polar coordinates. Figure 2

shows the relationship between the Cartesian form and the polar form of a complex number.

r
y
q
x

Figure 2 Cartesian and Polar Forms of a Complex Number

The distance of the point from the origin, 𝑟, is called the modulus of the complex number
and often written |𝑧|.
The angle 𝜃, measured anticlockwise from the positive real axis, is called the argument of
𝑧, often written 𝐚𝐫𝐠(𝒛) which has an infinite number of possible values, including negative
ones, that differ by multiples of 2𝑛.
If we define the angle 𝜃 to be in the range −180° < 𝜃 ≤ 180° or, in radians, −𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋. We
call it the principal value of 𝐚𝐫𝐠(𝒛) and denoted by 𝐀𝐫𝐠(𝒛).
It can be seen in Figure 2 that 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃. We have the relationships 𝑟 2 =
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 and tan 𝜃 = 𝑦/𝑥.
The values of 𝜃 can be determined from the equation tan 𝜃 = 𝑦/𝑥, where the quadrant
containing the point corresponding to 𝑧 must be specified.
Note: arg(𝑧) = Arg(𝑧) + 360𝑛, (𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, … ): when 𝑧 is a negative real number. Arg(𝑧)
has a value 180° not -180°.
In determining the value of 𝜃, we must be careful to calculate the correct angle since two
angles in the given range share each value of tan θ.
Using the polar form, we can write 𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑗(𝑟 sin 𝜃) or 𝑧 = 𝑟∠𝜃. The complex conjugate
of z can be written as 𝑧̅ = 𝑟∠ − 𝜃.

Example 6

Express 1 − 𝑗√3 in polar form.

Solution

With 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑦 = −√3, we obtain

2
𝑟 = |𝑧| = √(1)2 + (−√3) = 2

Since (1, −√3) lies in the fourth quadrant,

−√3
𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) = −60°
1

Therefore, the polar form of the complex number is

2∠ − 60°

Example 7

Express −1 − 𝑗√3 in polar form.

Solution

With 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑦 = −√3, we obtain

2
𝑟 = |𝑧| = √(−1)2 + (−√3) = 2

Solving for the argument,

−√3
𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) = 60°
−1
But since (−1, −√3) lies in the third quadrant, and must have a principal value of (-180°,
180],
𝜃 = 60 − 180 = −120°
Therefore, the polar form of the complex number is
2∠ − 120°

Multiplication and Division in Polar Form

Complex numbers can be multiplied and divided in polar form. If 𝑧1 = 𝑟1 ∠𝜃1 and 𝑧2 = 𝑟2 ∠𝜃2 ,
these operations are defined as follows.
• Multiplication
𝑧1 𝑧2 = (𝑟1 ∠𝜃1 )(𝑟2 ∠𝜃2 ) = 𝑟1 𝑟2 ∠(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 )
• Division
𝑧1 𝑟1 ∠𝜃1 𝑟1
= = ∠(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 )
𝑧2 𝑟2 ∠𝜃2 𝑟2

Example 8
If 𝑧1 = 3∠30° and 𝑧2 = 5∠ − 20°, find a) 𝑧1 𝑧2 and b) 𝑧1 /𝑧2 .
Solution

(a) 𝑧1 𝑧2 = (3∠30°)(5∠ − 20°) = 3(5)∠(30° + (−20°)) = 15∠10°

𝑧1 3∠30° 3
(b) = = ∠(30° − (−20°)) = 0.6∠50°
𝑧2 5∠ − 20° 5
 Lesson
Powers and Roots
1.3

Powers of Complex Numbers

De Moivre’s Theorem (by Abraham de Moivre)
If 𝑛 is a natural number, then
(cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃)𝑛 = cos(𝑛𝜃) + 𝑗 sin(𝑛𝜃)
or
(𝑟∠𝜃)𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛 ∠(𝑛𝜃)
Note: In solving for the power of a complex number, use the polar form of the complex
number.

Example 9
Simplify (−1 + 𝑗)8.
Solution
8
(−1 + 𝑗)8 = (√2∠135°)
8
(−1 + 𝑗)8 = (√2) ∠(8 × 135°)
(−1 + 𝑗)8 = 16∠1080° = 16∠0°
(−1 + 𝑗)8 = 16

Example 10
Simplify 𝑗 32 + 𝑗 21 + 𝑗 8.
Solution
𝑗 32 + 𝑗 21 + 𝑗 8 = (𝑗 2 )16 + (𝑗 2 )10 𝑗 + (𝑗 2 )4
𝑗 32 + 𝑗 21 + 𝑗 8 = (−1)16 + (−1)10 𝑗 + (−1)4
𝑗 32 + 𝑗 21 + 𝑗 8 = 1+𝑗+1
𝑗 32 + 𝑗 21 + 𝑗 8 = 2+𝑗
Roots of Complex Numbers
In finding for the roots of a complex number, use the polar form of the complex number.

𝑛 𝜃 + 360𝑘
𝑤𝑘 = √𝑟∠ ( ) ; 𝑘 = 0, 1, 2, … , (𝑛 − 1)
𝑛
where: 𝑘 = 0, first or principal root
𝑘 = 1, second root
𝑘 = 2, third root

Example 11
Find the three cube roots of (2 + 𝑗11).
Solution
Convert the given from rectangular form to polar form,
2 + 𝑗11 = 11.180∠79.70°
The formula for finding the root is
3 79.70 + 360𝑘
𝑤𝑘 = √11.180∠ ( ) ; 𝑘 = 0, 1, 2
3
Hence, the three roots are,

3 79.70 + 360(0)
𝑤0 = √11.180∠ ( ) = 2.236∠26.57°
3
3 79.70 + 360(1)
𝑤1 = √11.180∠ ( ) = 2.236∠146.57°
3
3 79.70 + 360(2)
𝑤2 = √11.180∠ ( ) = 2.236∠ − 93.43°
3
 Lesson
Logarithmic Functions
1.4

In finding the logarithm of a complex number, use the exponential form of the complex
number.

log 𝑧 = log(𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝜃 ) = log 𝑟 + 𝑗(𝜃 log 𝑒)

ln 𝑧 = ln(𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝜃 ) = ln 𝑟 + 𝑗(𝜃 ln 𝑒)

Converting rectangular form to exponential form:

1. Convert given rectangular form 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 to polar form 𝑟∠𝜃.
2. Convert the argument 𝜃 from degrees to radian (𝜋 rad = 180°).

3. Express the polar form 𝑟∠𝜃 to exponential form 𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝜃 where 𝜃 is in radians.

Example 12
Express 3 + 𝑗4 in exponential form.
Solution
With 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑦 = 4, we obtain

𝑟 = |𝑧| = √(3)2 + (4)2 = 5

Solving for the argument,
4
𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) = 53.13°
3
The polar form of the complex number is 5∠53.13°.
Converting the argument to radians,
𝜋 rad
53.13° × = 0.9273
180°
Therefore, the exponential form of the complex number is
5𝑒 𝑗0.9273
Example 13
Express 2 + 𝑗3 in exponential form.
Solution
With 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = 3, we obtain

𝑟 = |𝑧| = √(2)2 + (3)2 = 3.6056

Solving for the argument,
3
𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) = 56.31°
2
The polar form of the complex number is 3.6056∠56.31°.
Converting the argument to radians,
𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
56.31° × = 0.9828
180°
Therefore, the exponential form of the complex number is
3.6056𝑒 𝑗0.9828

Example 14
Evaluate log(3 + 𝑗4).
Solution
From Example 12, 3 + 𝑗4 = 5𝑒 𝑗0.9273 . Therefore

log(3 + 𝑗4) = log(5𝑒 𝑗0.9273 )

= log(5) + 𝑗(0.9273 log 𝑒)
log(3 + 𝑗4) = 0.6990 + 𝑗0.4027

Example 15
Evaluate ln(2 + 𝑗3).
Solution
From Example 13, 2 + 𝑗3 = 3.6056𝑒 𝑗0.9828 . Therefore
ln(2 + 𝑗3) = ln(3.6056𝑒 𝑗0.9828 )
= ln(3.6056) + 𝑗(0.9828 ln 𝑒)
ln(2 + 𝑗3) = 1.2825 + 𝑗0.9828
 Lesson
Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
1.5

Trigonometric Functions
For any complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦,
𝑒 𝑗𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑗𝑧 𝑒 𝑗𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑗𝑧
sin 𝑧 = and cos 𝑧 =
𝑗2 2
As in trigonometry, we define four additional trigonometric functions in terms of sin 𝑧 and
cos 𝑧:
sin 𝑧 1 1 1
tan 𝑧 = , cot 𝑧 = , sec 𝑧 = , csc 𝑧 =
cos 𝑧 tan 𝑧 cos 𝑧 sin 𝑧
The following are relationships between trigonometric and hyperbolic functions:
sin 𝑗𝑥 = 𝑗 sinh 𝑥 and cos 𝑗𝑥 = cosh 𝑥
Therefore,
sin(𝑥 ± 𝑗𝑦) = sin 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 ± 𝑗 cos 𝑥 sinh 𝑦
cos(𝑥 ± 𝑗𝑦) = cos 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 ∓ 𝑗 sin 𝑥 sinh 𝑦

Example 16
Evaluate cos(1 + 𝑗2).
Solution
cos(1 + 𝑗2) = cos 1 cosh 2 − 𝑗 sin 1 sinh 2 = 2.0327 − 𝑗3.0519

Example 19
Evaluate csc(1 + 𝑗2).
Solution
sin(1 + 𝑗2) = sin 1 cosh 2 + 𝑗 cos 1 sinh 2 = 3.1658 + 𝑗1.9596
1 1
csc(1 + 𝑗2) = = = 0.2284 − 𝑗0.1414
sin(1 + 𝑗2) 3.1658 + 𝑗1.9596
Hyperbolic Functions
For any complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦,
𝑒 𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑧 𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑧
sinh 𝑧 = and cosh 𝑧 =
2 2
The hyperbolic tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant functions are defined in terms of
sinh 𝑧 and cosh 𝑧:
sinh 𝑧 1 1 1
tanh 𝑧 = , coth 𝑧 = , sech 𝑧 = , csch 𝑧 =
cosh 𝑧 tanh 𝑧 cosh 𝑧 sinh 𝑧
The following are relationships between hyperbolic and trigonometric functions:
sinh 𝑗𝑥 = 𝑗 sin 𝑥 and cosh 𝑗𝑥 = cos 𝑥
Therefore,
sinh(𝑥 ± 𝑗𝑦) = sinh 𝑥 cos 𝑦 ± 𝑗 cosh 𝑥 sin 𝑦
cosh(𝑥 ± 𝑗𝑦) = cosh 𝑥 cos 𝑦 ± 𝑗 sinh 𝑥 sin 𝑦

Example 18
Evaluate sinh(2 + 𝑗).
Solution
sinh(2 + 𝑗) = sinh 2 cos 1 + 𝑗 cosh 2 sin 1 = 1.9596 + 𝑗3.1658

Example 19
Evaluate coth(1 + 𝑗2).
Solution
First, solve for the hyperbolic cosine and sine of 1 + 𝑗2.
cosh(1 + 𝑗2) = cosh 1 cos 2 + 𝑗 sinh 1 sin 2 = −0.6421 + 𝑗1.0686
sinh(1 + 𝑗2) = sinh 1 cos 2 + 𝑗 cosh 1 sin 2 = −0.4891 + 𝑗1.4031
Now, solve for hyperbolic cotangent using hyperbolic trigonometric identities.
cosh(1 + 𝑗2) −0.6421 + 𝑗1.0686
coth(1 + 𝑗2) = =
sinh(1 + 𝑗2) −0.4891 + 𝑗1.4031
coth(1 + 𝑗2) = 0.8213 + 𝑗0.1713
 Lesson
Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic
1.6 Functions

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Formulas:

sin −1 𝑧 = −𝑗 ln [𝑗𝑧 ± √1 − 𝑧 2 ]

cos−1 𝑧 = −𝑗 ln [𝑧 ± 𝑗√1 − 𝑧 2 ]

−𝑗 1 + 𝑗𝑧
tan−1 𝑧 = ln ( )
2 1 − 𝑗𝑧

Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Formulas:

sinh−1 𝑧 = ln [𝑧 ± √𝑧 2 + 1]

cosh−1 𝑧 = ln [𝑧 ± √𝑧 2 − 1]

1 1+𝑧
tanh−1 𝑧 = ln ( )
2 1−𝑧

Example 20
Evaluate sin−1(1 + 𝑗2).
Solution
From the formula, apply operations on complex numbers

sin −1(1 + 𝑗2) = −𝑗 ln [𝑗(1 + 𝑗2) + √1 − (1 + 𝑗2)2 ]

= −𝑗 ln [𝑗(1 + 𝑗2) + √1 − (−3 + 𝑗4)]
= −𝑗 ln[𝑗(1 + 𝑗2) + √4 − 𝑗4 ]
= −𝑗 ln[(−2 + 𝑗) + (2.1974 − 𝑗0.9102)]
= −𝑗 ln[0.1974 + 𝑗0.0898]
= −𝑗(−1.5285 + 𝑗0.4269)
sin −1(1 + 𝑗2) = 0.4269 + 𝑗1.5285
Example 21
Evaluate tan−1(1 + 𝑗2).
Solution
From the formula,
−𝑗 1 + 𝑗(1 + 𝑗2)
tan−1(1 + 𝑗2) = ln ( )
2 1 − 𝑗(1 + 𝑗2)
−𝑗 1 + (−2 + 𝑗)
= ln ( )
2 1 − (−2 + 𝑗)
−𝑗 −1 + 𝑗
= ln ( )
2 3−𝑗
−𝑗
= ln(−0.4 + 𝑗0.2)
2
−𝑗
= (−0.8047 + 𝑗2.6779)
2
tan−1(1 + 𝑗2) = 1.3390 + 𝑗0.4024

Example 22
Evaluate tanh−1(1 + 𝑗2).
Solution
From the formula,
1 1 + (1 + 𝑗2)
tanh−1(1 + 𝑗2) = ln ( )
2 1 − (1 + 𝑗2)
1 2 + 𝑗2
= ln ( )
2 −𝑗2
1
= ln(−1 + 𝑗)
2
1
= (0.3466 + 𝑗2.3562)
2
−1 (1
tanh + 𝑗2) = 0.1733 + 𝑗1.1781
 Practice Problems

1. Given 𝑧1 = 9 + 𝑗3 and 𝑧2 = −5 + 𝑗4, find the following and express the final answer in
rectangular form.
a. 𝑧1 + 𝑧2
b. 𝑧1 − 𝑧2
c. 𝑧1 𝑧2
d. 𝑧1 /𝑧2

2. Given 𝑧3 = 16∠60° and 𝑧4 = 4∠ − 45°, find the following and express the final answer in
polar form.
a. 𝑧3 𝑧4
b. 𝑧3 /𝑧4

3. Solve the following and express the final answer in rectangular form.
a. (2 + 𝑗3)3
b. (3∠45°)5
c. Find the three cube roots of (−30 − 𝑗3).
d. log(4 + 𝑗6)
e. ln(8 − 𝑗2)
f. cos(4 + 𝑗3)
g. tan(2 + 𝑗5)
h. cosh(2 + 𝑗)
i. cot −1 (4 + 𝑗2)
j. cosh−1 (3 + 𝑗4)

Assessment

To be conducted online.
 Additional Knowledge

For additional information, you may read books on complex numbers, view videos online,
and practice problems.

References

1. Kreyszig, E. (2011). Advanced Engineering Mathematics (10th ed.). John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
2. O’Neil, P. V. (2012). Advanced Engineering Mathematics (7th ed.). Cengage Learning.
3. Zill, D. G. (2018). Advanced Engineering Mathematics (6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett
Learning.

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Engr. Michael Ernie F. Rodriguez

Instructor, Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Palawan State University – Main Campus
Tiniguiban, Puerto Princesa City, 5300, Philippines

Mobile: (+63) 975-488-0679

Email Address: [email protected]